Overall Unit Key Terms

1. Population Distribution

2. Consequences of Population Distribution

3. Population Composition

4. Population Dynamics

5. The Demographic Transition Model

6. Malthusian Theory

7. Population Policies

8. Women and Demographic Change

9. Aging Populations

10. Causes of Migration

11. Forced and Voluntary Migration

Effects of Migration

Topic 2.1: Population Distribution

terms and concepts to know

• Physical factors and human factors influence distribution of population

  • Climate, landforms, water bodies

  • Culture, economics, history, politics

• Arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural density

  • Can reveal different information about the pressure the population exerts on the land

densities used in geography

• Arithmetic (crude)

• Physiological (nutritional)

• Agricultural

Topic 2.2: Consequences of Population Distribution

terms and concepts to know

• Population distribution and density affect political, economic, and social processes, including the provision of services such as medical care

• Carrying capacity: the ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people

Topic 2.3: Population Composition

terms and concepts to know

• Patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across different regions and may be mapped and analyzed at different scales

• Population Pyramids: a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population

→ Predict markets for goods and services (what will a population need based on the age and sex composition?)

Topic 2.4: Population Dynamics

terms and concepts to know

1. Demographic

2. Fertility

   1. Total Fertility Rate

3. Mortality

   1. Infant Mortality Rate

   2. Maternal Mortality Rate

4. Rate of natural increase

5. Population-doubling time

demographic transition theory

Demographic Transition Theory- Stage 1

• Stage 1: Low Growth

  • Long-term NIR near 0

    • Primarily hunting and gathering

    • 8000 B.C.- world’s population increased from 5 million to 800 million.

      • Agricultural Revolution

      • Food supplies still unpredictable, war, disease- remained Stage 1

• No countries in Stage 1 today

Demographic Transition Theory- Stage 2

• High growth!

• CDR plummets, CBR remains same, high NIR

• 1790 A.D.- Industrial Revolution

  • Industrial technology and agricultural production

    • Increased wealth = health

    • 1800- North American and

Europe reached Stage 2

• 1950- Latin America, Africa, Asia

  • Medical revolution- diffused to LDCs

    • Immunizations, insecticides, etc.

Demographic Transition Theory- Stage 3

• Stage 3:  Moderate Growth

  • CBR drops sharply

  • modest population growth

• North America and Europe in

first half of 20th century

• Asia and Latin America in recent years

• Most of Africa still in Stage 2

• CBR drops due to social customs and economics:

  • Reaction to low IMR, urban living- not farming families, smaller urban dwellings

Demographic Transition Theory- Stage 4

• Stage 4: Low Growth

  • Zero Population Growth

    • May occur in CBR is a bit higher than CDR- Why?

    • ZPG: TFR that results in lack of change in total population over long term- (replacement  level of 2.1, unless country has many immigrants)

• Social Customs- women in labor force, child care

• Lifestyles- birth control, increased leisure and income- entertainment, travel, etc. unsuitable for children

Demographic Transition Theory

• Country that has passed all four stages:

  • Beginning- CBRs and CDRs are high (35-40/1000)

  • End- CBRs and CDRs are low (10/1000)

  • Total population is much higher in stage 4 than stage 1

  • Stage 5: Negative Growth

    • Negative NIR- deaths exceed births- (E. Europe, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Western Europe)

Contested significance of the Demographic Transition Model:

• Not good for establishing population patterns on the periphery (good for analysis of the core)

• Industrialization in a peripheral country is often the effort of core countries which can affect population “patterns”

• Lower educational opportunities and technology in certain regions of the world

Epidemiological Transition Model

Topic 2.6: Malthusian Theory

terms and concepts to know

• Malthusian theory and its critiques are used to analyze population change and its consequences.

malthusian theory

• Malthus’s Theory

  • Too many people + not enough food = **DEATH (**we will reach carrying capacity)

  • Solutions?

• Neo-Malthusians

  • Situation is MUCH worse

  • Malthus didn’t plan for LDCs to move on the DTM

  • Running out of all resources, not just food!

• Critiques

  • Possibilism!

  • Technology has allowed us to produce more food / resources

  • Large population increases production

  • Esther Boserup:

    • people will learn to use their land more intensively in order to meet food production needs

the question of overpopulation

• Thomas Robert Malthus- (1766-1834)

  • An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798

    • Food and Sex drive humans

• Background: revolutionary time period

  • agriculture and industry caused loss of jobs

  • “surplus of unnecessary workers”

  • displaced farmers a burden in cities- poor laws

• he believed power of population growth is greater than Earth’s ability to create food.

  • We will reach Carrying Capacity!

Neo-Malthusians

• call for strict demographic controls

• Believe the situation is worse than Malthus thought…

• Malthus failed to predict LDCs moving into stage 2 due to medical revolution.

  • Population is growing faster than economic growth, resources available

• Population is not only outgrowing food, but other resources as well.

• clean air, fuel, sustainable farm land

Malthus’ Critics

• possibilism! Supply of resources is not fixed!

• Larger population increases production

  • more brain power= more solutions

  • bigger militaries = power

• Marxists: no relationship btwn population and hunger-

  • blame on unjust political/social institutions

  • Friedrich Engels (Marxist): plenty of food if equally shared equally- blame on capitalism

• Esther Boserup:

  • people will learn to use their land more intensively in order to meet food production needs

Topic 2.7: Population Policies

terms and concepts to know

1. Explain the intent and effects of various population and immigration policies on population size and composition.

• Types of population policies include those that promote or discourage population growth, such as pronatalist, antinatalist, and immigration policies.

the issue of natalism

• Pro-Natalists

  • Promote human reproduction

    • financial incentives, maternity leave

• Anti-Natalists

  • Concerned with limiting population growth

    • China’s “one child policy”

    • NonMom Summit Oct 2015

major population policies

• China’s One-Child Policy (removed in 2015)

  • little emperors, precious snowflakes

  • imbalanced sex ratios (start at 2:04)

• India

  • human rights issue: forced sterilizations

  • imbalanced sex ratios

• Kenya

  • family planning, education by community members

• Japan, Germany, Russia, Singapore, Denmark

  • financial incentives, nationalism

Topic 2.8: Women and Demographic Change

terms and concepts to know

1. Explain how the changing role of females has demographic consequences in different parts of the world.

   1. changing social values and access to education, employment, health care, and contraception have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world.

   2. changing s*ocial, economic, and political roles* for females have influenced patterns of fertility, mortality, and migration, as illustrated by Ravenstein’s laws of migration.

Topic 2.9: Aging Populations

terms and concepts to know

1. Explain the causes and consequences of an aging population.

   1. Population aging is determined by birth and death rates and life expectancy.

   2. An aging population has political, social, and economic consequences, including the dependency ratio.

crude birth rate

• Ratio of a number of live births in a single year for every thousand people in the population (without looking at age-specific groups or cohorts which is limiting)

  • Higher levels of fertility at the periphery (especially Sub-Saharan Africa)

mortality rates

• Crude Death Rate (CDR):  ratio of the number of deaths in one year to every thousand people in the population

Why would the crude death rate be higher in an MDC than in a LDC?

• Natural increase/decrease Rate (NIR):  difference between CBR and CDR

• Infant mortality rate (IMR):  annual number of deaths of infants less than one year of age compared to 1,000 live births for that same year

life expectancy

• Average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live.  In 2016: 78.7 years

  • men: 76; women: 81

  • white: 78.9; African American:75.1

• Can be affected by epidemics

• Medical geography:  a sub area of the discipline that specializes in understanding the spatial aspects of health and illness

dependency ratio

• Measure of the economic impact of the young and old on the more economically productive members of the population

• 

• The more dependents you have per workers, the worse the economic situation for your country

Topic 2.10: Causes of Migration

terms and concepts

• Migration is commonly divided into push factors and pull factors.

• Push/pull factors and intervening opportunities/obstacles can be cultural, demographic, economic, environmental, or political

migration: push and pull factors

• **__Voluntary Migration: __**migrant has chosen to move

  • Usually consists of 2 main aspects

    • Away from someplace – push factors (usually negative)

    • Toward someplace – pull factors (usually positive)

  • Economic opportunities / Lack of jobs

• Social push and pull factors

  • People often migrate when they experience discrimination and persecution because of their ethnicity, race, gender, or religion.

• Political push and pull factors

  • People who oppose the policies of the government often migrate because they face persecution, arrest, and discrimination

• Environmental push and pull factors

  • People often migrate to escape harm from natural disasters, drought, and other unfavorable conditions

• Demographic Push and Pull Factors

  • Some countries are unbalanced demographically

  • Gender – young adult might not find someone to marry

  • Young population – country faces risk of overpopulation

• Intervening Obstacles

  • Barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult

    • Economic – a migrant lacks enough money to reach a destination

    • Social – a migrant gets married to someone who lives along the migration route and settles in that person’s community

    • Political – a migrant cannot get a visa needed to enter a country

    • Environmental – a migrant cannot cross sea, desert, or mountain range

Topic 2.11: Forced and Voluntary Migration

terms and concepts to know

• Forced migration

  • Slavery and events that produce refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers.

• Voluntary Migration

  • Types include transnational, transhumance, internal, chain, step, guest worker, and rural-to urban

forced migration

• Forced migration is a permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors

• Involves internally displaced persons, refugees, and asylum seekers

• Displaced Persons and Refugees

  • An internally displaced person (IDP) has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

  • A refugee is someone who is forced to migrate from his or her home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

  • Montreal turns stadium into welcome centre for asylum seekers from US

  • Largest numbers of refugees in 2014 were forced to migrate from Afghanistan and from Syria because of continuing civil wars.

  • Neighboring countries received most of them – Pakistan and Iran from Afghanistan and Lebanon and Turkey from Syria

  • An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee

voluntary migration

• Voluntary migration is a permanent movement undertaken by choice

• May be transnational, internal, chain, step, and rural to urban

  • Transnational – across international borders

  • Internal – within international borders

  • Chain – following relatives, members of your ethnic group

  • Step – series of small, less extreme moves

  • Rural to urban

Topic 2.12: Effects of Migration

terms and concepts to know

• Migration has political, economic, and cultural effects

global migration through history

• Effects of Colonization

  • European culture spread across the globe

  • Indigenous populations and their cultures were nearly wiped out by European diseases and replaced by European cultures

  • European languages and Christianity dominated the Western Hemisphere

  • In contrast, in Asia and Africa, people shared the same diseases carried by Europeans

  • People kept their traditional languages and religions

  • The diffusion (spread) of goods and ideas went both ways between Europeans and their colonies – Columbian Exchange

• Forced Migration

  • Major result of European expansion was the Atlantic Slave Trade

  • Largest example in history of forced migration – people do not choose to relocate, but do so under threat of violence

  • 15th-19th centuries – 12.5 million Africans were captured, enslaved, and forcibly moved from Africa to North America, the Caribbean, and South America

• Effects on Countries of Origin

  • Positive

    • Relief from overcrowding

    • Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model (Stage 2/3 → Stage 4/5)

  • Negative

    • If working-age people leave – population is skewed toward elderly and children, creating a dependency ratio problem and may undercut the traditional family structure (Ex: China’s rural to urban migration – largest migration within a country in history)

    • Brain drain – about 11% of Africans with advanced degrees live in the U.S., Europe, or other developed countries

• Effects on Receiving Countries

  • Immigrants make cultural contributions to their new countries (new foods, words, forms of entertainment and religious traditions)

  • Tend to be highly motivated to get an education, work hard, and succeed

  • Often open small businesses that are service-oriented (nail salons, restaurants, etc.) but almost 200 of the 500 largest businesses in the world were started by immigrants or their children

  • Remittances, money sent to family members still in the country of origin, account for nearly 40% of the income of some small countries

    • Leading countries of origin: United States and Saudi Arabia

    • Leading countries as recipients: India and China