Carbohydrates

What is the definition of carbohydrates?

A class of nutrients containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, most commonly known as sugar, starches or dietary fibers

What is fiber?

A type of carbohydrate that is indigestible and cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes

What do carbohydrates do for the body?

* nourish the brain and nervous system
* Provide energy to all of your cells
* Help keep your body fit and lean

What do digestible carbohydrates do?

Provide bulk in foods, vitamins, and minerals

What do indigestible carbohydrates do?

Provide a good amount of fiber

What is the fast-releasing carbohydrate?

Glucose

What do plants use glucose for?

Plants use glucose to make other larger, more slow-releasing carbohydrates.

What is the composition of Carbohydrates?

A group of organic compounds containing a ratio of one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom

What is the simplest unit of carbs?

Monosaccharides

What are the two subgroups of carbs?

* simple ( fast- releasing)
* Complex ( slow- releasing)

What are simple carbohydrates?

Known as sugars that contain monosaccharides and disaccharides

* simple carbon stimulate the sweetness taste
* Fructose is the top naturally-occurring in sweetness value

What are complex carbohydrates?

* long chains of monosaccharides
* Known as large sugar molecules linked together in straight or branched chains that include starches and fibers

What do monosaccharides include?

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

What is fructose?

A 6 carbon monosaccharide arranged in a ring structure that is found in fruits and honey

What is galactose?

A 6-carbon monosaccharide arranges in a ring structure part of the disaccharide lactose

What are the types of disaccharides?

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose

What is lactose?

A disaccharides made of glucose linked to galactose found in milk

What is maltose?

A disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules linked together

What is sucrose?

A disaccharide made of glucose linked to fructose and commonly known as table sugar

What are complex carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides- a carbohydrate made up of sugar molecules linked together

What are the two main polysaccharides?

Starches and fibers

What is starch?

A complex carb that is found in plants and made up of glucose molecules linked together in a straight or branched structure

What foods are abundance in starch?

Grains, legumes, and root vegetables ( potato’s)

What is Amylose?

* a plant starch
* A form of starch composed of glucose units joined into unbranded chains
* Form crystals and are energy-storing molecules of plants
* Less abundant

What is Amylopectin?

* plant starch
* forms of starch composed of linked branched chains of glucose units
* Energy storing molecules of plants

Eating raw foods containing starches provides little energy

True

Cooking breaks down the crystal structure of starches, making them much easier to break down in the human body

True

What are resistant starches?

Starches that remain intact throughout digestion, bacteria in the gut can break down some of these down ad may benefit gastrointestinal health

What is glycogen?

The storage form of complex carbs composed of multiple units of glucose linked together in a highly branched structure

What is dietary fiber?

* polysaccharides that are highly branched and crossed liked
* Pectin, gums, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

Can humans produce enzymes that can break down dietary fiber?

No, humans can not, but there is bacteria in the colon can

Is dietary fiber valuable for our health?

Yes it is

What happens when someone has a diet with high fiber?

They can reduce the risk of obesity and diabetes and cardiovascular disease

What are the classifications of Dietary fiber?

Water soluble or insoluble

What are some examples of water soluble fibers?

Inulin, pectin, guar gum

Peas, beans, oats, barley, and rye

What are some examples of insoluble fibers?

Cellulose ( most abundant in plants, making up the walls and providing structure) Lignin

Whole-grain foods, flax, cauliflower, and avocados

What is functional fiber

Non digestible forms of a carbs that have been extracted by starchy foods and added to another processed foods.

What do functional fibers do?

Functional fibers may be extracted from plants and purified or synthetically made

* can reduce blood- cholesterol levels and this health had been proved by the FDA

What is total dietary fiber?

Is the sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber consumed