csp big idea 1-5

 Computing innovations

an innovation that uses a program as a key

part of their function. 2 types, physical and non

physical innovation

robots tablets

not physical computer innovation

social media instagram snapchat tiktok clash royake

why is collaboraiton imporatant

mportant because it allows for diverse ideas and

thoughts that cater towards different people.

Pair programming

• Pair programming is when two people share a computer and take turns coding.

Logic Errors

• Unexpected behavior in a program’s output.

Syntax Errors

• The code does not work properly because it is typed or written incorrectly.

Run-Time Errors

• Error occurs while code runs.

Iterative development

• Build a basic version of the program, test it, improve it, and repeat the cycle.

Incremental development

• Solve the problem in small pieces, then combine those pieces into the full solution.

Waterfall model

• Follow a clear, step-by-step plan where each stage must be completed before moving to the next, with detailed documentation.

Data

• \a collection of numbers and facts from different sources.

Bits (binary digits)

are what computers store data in.

smallest unit of intomraiton

Binary System

• Computers read machine code, which is usually in the binary system.

10101010 1 yes true on, 0 fal;se no off, reprensts a 2 option thong

How many bits in a byte

• 8 bits equal 1 byte.

Hexadecimal

• Used for RGB color codes, and it uses numbers and letters to represent values.

ASCII code

• Converts text to binary format.

Abstraction

• Reduces complexity by only focusing on the most important parts and hiding the irrelevant parts from the user.

Analog data

• Measured continuously and changes smoothly.

Digital data

• Measured digitally and leaves out extra data by simplifying the data collected (form of abstraction).

Data compression

• Dependent on the method used and the amount of repeated info in the data.

Lossless compression

• Less compression and better file quality.

Lossy compression

• More compression and worse file quality.

Metadata

• Data about data.

Data mining

• Examining very large data sets to find information.

Pseudocode

Pseudocode

Integers

• Whole numbers (positive, negative, or zero), used for mathematical operations or counting.

Strings

• An ordered sequence of characters like "Hello", used for text; substrings are portions of a string (e.g., "ell" is a substring of "Hello"); string concatenation occurs when you combine two or more strings using the + operator (e.g., "Hello" + " World" results in "Hello World").

List

• An ordered sequence of elements (values), where each element has an index starting from 1 in AP pseudocode, which allows you to access specific elements in the list.

Booleans

• Data type of true or false

Algorithm

• instructions to solve a problem or task

Sequencing

following instructions in the same order as they are written, same sequence. sequence = order

Selection

decision making process, uses if statments, checks a condition and code is exectuted based on the true or false of condition

Iteration

loops, usedf to perform task smultiple times

Expression

• A statement that evaluates to a single value, using PEMDAS.

NOT, also represneted as !

• Reverses the truth value of a condition; true becomes false, false becomes true

AND (if checkNigga and abhiChopped:)

• Returns True if both conditions are true

OR

returns true if one of the conditions is true, not both at least one

Parameters

• The input variables defined for a procedure that allow it to accept different values def function(x, y) x, y are parameters).

Arguments

• The actual values or data passed to a procedure when calling it, which are used by the parameters (e.g., function(5, 10) 5, 10 are arguments).

MOD (%)

• Represented as a %, it's the remainder of division (e.g., 7 % 3 = 1).

Element

• A value in a list or array, with indices starting at 1 in AP CSP pseudocode (e.g., "Apple" is at index 1 in ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]).

Sequential computing

• Traditional programming where each program is processed one at a time.

Parallel computing

• When a program is broken into smaller operations and processed at the same time using multiple processors.

Distributed computing

• Multiple devices communicate together to run a program.

Sequential solution

• Takes as long as the number of all steps in a program.

Parallel computing solution

• Faster with fewer cores.

Fault tolerant

• Something that can still function even with a partial malfunction.

Redundancy

duplication

Internet

intercention and netwrooks

computer netwroks

when multiple computing devices communcate with eacvh other

data on the internte __

splits into data packetse

routing

the process of finding the best path to deliver infomation

packet

A unit of data for internet routing.

Digital divide

Gaps between those who have access to the internet and those who do not.

Factors affecting the digital divide

• Demographics, socioeconomic status, and geographic location.

Intellectual property

the work that poeple consider as their property

Copyright

• The person who created something determines who uses their creation.

Creative Commons

• Copyright license for creators to give others the ability to use their work.

Open-sourcing

• Work that is freely shared, distributed, and modified.

Open access

no restrutions and avalabile to the public

Malware

software to harm or take data form a system

phishing

scamming to get personal infomraiton

encryption

encoding data to prevent others form acsessing it

Symmetric key encryption

• One key for both encrypting and decrypting.

Public key encryption

• anyone can send a secret message to you, but only you can read it.

Heuristics

• A shortcut or rule of thumb for solving a hard problem quickly. It may not be perfect, but it works well enough.

Internet Protocols

• Rules that allow computers and devices to communicate with each other over the internet. Protocols like IP, TCP, and HTTP help send, receive, and load data accurately between

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cookie

Small pieces of data stored by websites on a user's device to track and remember information, like login status or preferences. For example, a website may use cookies to keep you logged in between visits.

• rogue access point

: An unauthorized wireless access point that allows attackers to intercept or monitor network traffic. For example, someone setting up a fake Wi-Fi network to steal personal information from users.

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• multifactor authentication (MFA)

provide two or more verification factors to gain access to an account or system. For example, logging in with a password and then confirming your identity with a text message code.

• PII (Personally Identifiable Information)

name, address, phone number, or social security number

• crowdsourcing

Gathering contributions or ideas from a large group of people, usually online, to help fund projects, generate ideas, or create services. For example, Wikipedia uses crowdsourcing by allowing users to edit and add content to its articles

• citizen science

Public volunteers helping with scientific research, like collecting data or observing events.

• distributed computing

Using multiple devices to run different parts of a program.

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• speedup

How much faster a task is done using parallel computing compared to doing it alone.

• IP

• TCP

• UDP

• HTTP

• IP: addressing and routing data over a network.

• TCP: reliable data transmission.

• UDP: A faster but less reliable data transmission protocol.

• HTTP : r transferring webpages over the internet.

• scalability

0: The ability of a system to handle growth or increased demand without losing performance.

• bandwidth

The maximum data transfer rate over a network, measured in bits per second (bps).

• traversal

he process of visiting each item in a collection, like a list, one by one. It can be full (visiting all items) or partial (visiting only some items).

library

A collection of prewritten code (procedures/functions) that can be reused to make programming easier.

• undecidable

e: A problem so complex that no algorithm can solve it for all possible inputs.

• binary search

: Efficient algorithm that finds an item in a sorted list by repeatedly dividing the list in half.

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• linear search

Linear search is an algorithm that checks each item in a list one by one until it finds the target value or reaches the end of the list.