honors bio II u7

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Vocabulary flashcards for Biology Unit 7, covering membrane structure, passive and active transport, and bulk transport.

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41 Terms

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Fluid Mosaic Model

Describes the plasma membrane as a mosaic of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, giving it a fluid character.

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Plasma Membrane Composition

Mainly composed of lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrates attached to some lipids and proteins.

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Glycolipids

Carbohydrates attached to lipids.

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Glycoproteins

Carbohydrates attached to proteins.

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Phospholipids

Amphiphilic molecules with hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails.

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Integral Proteins

Proteins integrated completely into the membrane structure, with hydrophobic regions interacting with the phospholipid bilayer.

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Peripheral Proteins

Proteins found on the exterior or interior surfaces of membranes, attached to integral proteins or phospholipids; may serve as enzymes or structural attachments.

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Glycocalyx

Carbohydrate components of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the exterior cell surface, attracting water and important for cell ID.

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Selective Permeability

The plasma membrane allows some substances to pass through but not others.

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Passive Transport

Naturally occurring movement of substances from high to low concentration, not requiring cell energy.

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Concentration Gradient

Range of concentrations of a substance in a space.

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Diffusion

Passive process of transport where a substance moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

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Facilitated Transport

Materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins.

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Transport Proteins

Integral proteins involved in facilitated transport, acting as channels or carriers for materials.

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Channel Proteins

Proteins with hydrophilic domains and a hydrophilic channel allowing passage through the membrane; can be always open or gated.

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Aquaporins

Channel proteins that allow water to pass through the membrane at a high rate.

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Carrier Proteins

Proteins that bind a substance and change shape to move the bound molecule across the membrane; specific to one substance.

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Osmosis

Movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane down the concentration gradient.

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Tonicity

How an extracellular solution can change the volume of a cell by affecting osmosis; correlates with osmolarity.

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Osmolarity

Total solute concentration of a solution.

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Hypotonic

Extracellular fluid with a lower osmolarity than inside the cell.

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Hypertonic

Extracellular fluid with a higher osmolarity than inside the cell.

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Isotonic

Extracellular fluid with the same osmolarity as the cell.

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Plasmolysis

Cell membrane detaches from cell wall, constricting cytoplasm.

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Active Transport

Method of transporting material requiring energy.

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Electrochemical Gradient

Gradient produced by combined electrical and chemical forces.

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Pumps

Active transport mechanisms working against the gradient, using metabolic energy.

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Primary Active Transport

Moves ions across a membrane, creating a charge difference; directly dependent on ATP.

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Secondary Active Transport

Movement of material due to the electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport; doesn't directly require ATP.

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Uniporter

Carrier protein that transports one specific ion or molecule.

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Symporter

Carrier protein that transports two different ions or molecules in the same direction.

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Antiporter

Carrier protein that transports two different ions or molecules in opposite directions.

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Co-transport

Use of kinetic energy of Na ions to bring other compounds into the cell against their concentration gradient.

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Endocytosis

Active transport that moves particles (large molecules, cell parts, whole cells) into a cell; plasma membrane invaginates to form a vesicle.

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Phagocytosis

"Cell eating," large particles are taken in by a cell after clathrin coats part of the inward surface of plasma membrane.

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Clathrin

Protein that stabilizes a section of the plasma membrane during phagocytosis.

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Pinocytosis

"Cell drinking," takes in molecules (like water) from extracellular fluid.

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Potocytosis

Variation of pinocytosis using caveolin as a coating protein.

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Caveolin

Coating protein involved in potocytosis.

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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Endocytosis using specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules, and clathrin-coated pits.

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Exocytosis

Reverse process of endocytosis; expels material from the cell into extracellular fluid.