Zoology - Chapter 4, 5, & 7 review

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Organic Evolution

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Population change overtime.

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Natural Selection

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Theoretical process by which gene variation and the environment lead to significant changes in a population because individuals with gene variations more suited to the environment survive longer and reproduce more.

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92 Terms

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Organic Evolution

Population change overtime.

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Natural Selection

Theoretical process by which gene variation and the environment lead to significant changes in a population because individuals with gene variations more suited to the environment survive longer and reproduce more.

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Theory of Inheritance

the theory that organisms develop new traits as needs arise and pass these acquired traits down to their offspring (wrong) (Lamarck)

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Adaptive radiation

the formation of a new species from an ancestral species caused by the availability of a new habitat.

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Adaptation

occurs when an inheritable phenotype increases the likelihood of an animal to survive and successfully reproduce.

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Fitness

a measure of the capacity for successful reproduction in a given environment compared to other of the same species.

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Microevolution

a change in the frequency of alleles in population over time.

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Macroevolution

Large-scale changes that result in an extinction or formation of a new species

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Biogeography

the study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals.

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Paleontology

the study of the fossil record.

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Fossils

evidence of plants and animals from the past that has become a part of the earth's crust.

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Convergent Evolution

When unrelated species have similar adaptations (Analogous)

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Analogous Structures

Similar structures due to convergent evolution.

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Homologous Structures

Similar structures due to shared ancestry.

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Comparative Anatomy

The study of structural similarities in living or fossilized animals and homologies that show evolutionary relationships.

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Homeotic Genes

Determine identity of body regions in early embryos.

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Phylogeny

refers to evolutionary relationships among species.

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Phylogenic Tree

shows lines of descent from an ancestral species to modern descendants.

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Nodes

represent individuals, populations or species.

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Branches

represent evolutionary connection between nodes.

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Population

groups of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area at the same time and share a common gene pool.

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Gene pool

the sum of all the alleles for all traits in a sexually reproducing population.

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Population Genetics

the study of the genetic events in gene pools.

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Hardy-Wienberg Theorem

States that mixing of alleles in meiosis and their recombination don't alter allele frequencies across generations, given several factors.

  • large population
  • Random sexual reproduction
  • no migration
  • no mutation
  • no natural selection
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Genetic Drift

Chance events effecting gene frequencies in a population (Neutral evolution)

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Founder Effect

a type of genetic drift caused by the separtation of a few individuals from a bigger population, creating their own population. They do not carry the same gene frequencies as the larger population so this new population will likely have less genetic variation.

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Bottleneck Effect

A form of genetic drift that takes place when an event dramatically decreases the size of a population resulting in decreased genetic variation even as populations regrow.

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Gene Flow

Changes in gene frequency caused by immigration or emigration of individuals.

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Mutation Pressure

a measure of the tendency of gene frequencies to change through mutation.

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Selection Pressure

the tendency for natural selection to occur

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Directional selection

occurs when individuals with one phenotypic extreme are at a disadvantage compared to all others causing a decrease in that extreme.

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Disruptive Selection

Occurs when both phenotypic extremes are at an advantage to those with the intermediate phenotype.

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Stabilizing Selection

Occurs when both phenotypic extremes are at a disadvantage and leads to a decrease in phenotypic range.

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Balanced Polymorphism

occurs when different phenotypes are maintained at relatively stable frequencies.

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Species

a group of populations in which genes are actually or potentially exchanged through interbreeding.

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Speciation

The formation of a new species.

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Reproductive isolation

when populations cannot reproduce with one another

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Premating isolation

prevents mating altogether, via impenetrable barrier or changes in courtship behavior.

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Postmating Isolation

prevents successful fertilization.

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Allopatric Speciation

Occurs when subpopulations become geographically isolated.

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Demes

Small local populations, not isolated.

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Parapatric Speciation

relative isolation of a deme can make its members experience different selection pressures that can ultimately result in speciation. (No certain cases)

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Sympatric Speciation

Occurs within one population when individuals become reproductively isolated.

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Phyletic gradualism

evolution occurs gradually over millions of years.

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punctuated equilibrium

long periods of stasis interrupted by brief periods of change.

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Mosaic Evolution

occurrence within a population of different rates of evolution in various structures or functions.

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Systemics

study of evolutionary relationships among and diversity of organisms. (Taxonomy)

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Nomenclature

Assignment of distinctive names to each species.

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Taxon

any grouping of animals that share a particular set of characteristics.

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Classification order

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

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Evolutionary conservation

slowness of change even through evolution

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Monera

all bacteria and cyanbacteria (challenged)

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Protista

Eukaryotic, single celled or colonies.

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Plantae

Eukaryotic, multicellular, and photosynthetic

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Fungi

Eukaryotic, multicellular, and digest organic matter.

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Animalia

Eukaryotic, multicellular, and feed by ingesting other organisms.

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Archaea

Prokaryotic microbes that live in extreme environments (Domain and Kingdom)

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Eubacteria

true bacteria, prokaryotic microorganisms (Domain and Kingdom)

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Eukarya

Includes all Eukaryotic organisms (Domain) (Protista, Plantaea, Fungi, Animalia)

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Monophyletic Group

includes a single ancestral species and all its descendants.

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Polyphyletic Groups

Members that can be traced to separate ancestors.

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Paraphyletic Group

includes some but not all descendants of an ancestral species

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Out group

a related group that is not included in the study group

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Derived Characters (Synapomorphies)

characters that have arisen since common ancestry.

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Cladogram

depict a sequence in origin of derived characters.

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Asymmetry

absence of a central point or axis

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Radial Symmetry

arrangement of body parts such that any plain passing through the axis would divide the organism into mirror images.

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Bilateral Symmetry

arrangement of body parts such that a single plain would divide the left and right into mirror images.

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Cephalization

Developments that result in the formation of a distinct head (Only bilateral symmetry)

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Diploblastic

Body parts organized into two layers derived from two embryonic tissue layers.

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Triploblastic

Body parts organized into three layers derived from three embryonic tissue layers.

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Endoderm

inner most layer, turns into gastrodermis

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Ectoderm

outer most layer, turns into the epidermis

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mesoderm

(only triploblastic) middle layer, turns into supportive, contractile and blood cells.

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Acoelmate

mesoderm forms a solid mass between the other layers

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Psuedocoelmate

body cavities are not completely lined by mesoderm

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Coelmate

body cavities completely surrounded by mesoderm (messentaries present)

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Protostomes

Spiral and Determinate (Blastopore becomes mouth)

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Dueterostomes

Radial and Indeterminate (Blastopore becomes anus)

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Commonalities of Life

Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt.

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of species classified

1.6 million (3-100 million more estimated)

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Parsimony

Choosing the easiest possible answer.

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Four ways classifying animals into phyla

type of coelem, type of symmetry, development, and number of tissue layers.

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Anterior (cephalic)

head end

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posterior (caudal)

tail end

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ventral

belly

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medial

middle

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lateral

outsides

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distal

farther from main body on limb

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Proximal

closer to main body on limb

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oral

mouth side

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aboral

opposite of mouth