Chemistry Midterm 1

Atomic radius

Measure of the size of specific atom

Ionization energy

Energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state.

Electron affinity

Energy change when an electron is added to an atom in its gaseous state.

Lattice energy

Energy released when atoms form lattice (q₁*q₂)/r

Ionic bond

Between metal and non-metal. Metal gives away electron.
Naming:
TYPE 1: Metal + Non-metal + -ide
TYPE 2: Metal + (IV) + Non-metal + -ide

Covalent bond

Bond between non-metal and non-metal. Atoms share electrons.
Naming: prefix + non-metal + prefix + non-metal + -ide

Metallic bond

Between metal and metal. Creates electron pooling. Naming: Metal + (IV) + Metal + -ide

Swap charges to get charge of metal

Electronegativity

ability for an atom in a molecule to attract a shared electron pair to itself

Orbital name

Ex: 4px where
4 is the principal quantum number (n)
p is the type of orbital (s, p, d, f) (l)
x is the orientation of density of e^- (m_l)

De Broglie

Explained the quintization of angular momentum through the use of standing waves. Created the de broglie equation: wavelength = h/p, where h is Planck's constant and p is momentum.

Nickel Crystal Expiriment

Davisson & Germer directed a beam of e^- at a nickel crystal and observed a diffraction (wave-like property) confirming De-Broglie’s theory of wave-particle duality.

Bohr’s model of atom

Electrons orbit nucleus in circular paths of fixed radius and energy

only works for atoms with 1 electron

Electron jumps from higher orbit to lower orbit

Releases energy

Electron jumps from lower orbit to higher orbit

absorbs energy

Rutherford’s model of atom

electrons revolve around nucleus.

Could not explain stability of atoms

Photoelectric effect

when light causes electrons to be emitted from a material. Causes the jumping of electrons in an atom

Isotopes

Atoms with same atomic number but different mass number

Dalton’s atomic theory

all matter is made of atoms that are indestructible
atoms form compounds in whole ratios