Diversity (Specifics)

Division of archaea includes..

Division of archaea includes..

only the kingdom Archaea

The three domains

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

The two prokaryotic domains

Archaea, Bacteria

Bacteria includes..

only the kingdom bacteria

Eukarya includes the kingdoms…

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Classifying organisms (In order from largest to smallest)

K - Kingdom

P- Phylum

C- Class

O- Order

F- Family

G- Genus

S- Speceies

Classifying Organisms Saying

King Philip Came Over For Good Sphagetti

How many kingdoms?

6

What are the 6 kingdoms?

Archaea, Eubacteria, Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi,

Two major cell types

Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells

a smaller, simple type of cell that does not have a membrane-bound nucleus

Eukaryotic cells

larger, complex type of cell that does have a membrane-bound nucleus

Heterotrophic

consumes living or dead organisms to obtain energy

Autotrophic organisms

use the sun’s energy to make own food

Unicellular

One cell

Multicellular

More than one cell

Asexual reproduction

offspring produced from a single parent (genetically identical to parent)

Asexual reproduction produces offspring ……..

genetically identical to parent

Sexual reproduction

production of offspring from fusion of 2 sex cells

Sexual production produces offspring…..

that differ from parents

Prokaryotic cells have a ___ chromosome

circular

Prokaryotic cells reproduce by

Binary fission

Eukaryotic cells contain ___

Double stranded chromosomes in nucleus, membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic Cells reproduce by

Mitosis or Meiosis

Carolus Linnaeus invented

Taxonomy, Binomial Nomenclature

Classifying organisms according to their structural similarities is called

Taxonomy

Study of an organism’s form and structure

Morphology

Grouping individuals based on evolutionary relatedness

Phylogeny

In binomial nomenclature

Each organism has two names, the genus and the species.

Written in italics or underlined.

ONLY the genus is capitalized

Subspecies

a taxonomic rank below species, can have fertile interbred offspring if allowed

homologies

similarities inherited from a common ancestor

analogies

similarities that arise in response to similar habits & living conditions

Phylogenic Tree synonym

Cladogram

Cladogram

A diagram showing the evolutionary relationships or common ancestry of groups of species or populations

Larger clades are called

super clades

Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells

No nuclear membrane or other membranes around organelles

Unicellular (single-celled) and small—less than 2 µm

Only 1 circular chromosome floating in the cytoplasm

Important Structures in Bacteria

Capsule, Cell Wall, Plasma Membrane, Nucleoid Region, Pili, Flagellum

Plasmids

Small circular pieces of bacterial DNA separate from the main chromosome

Plasmids are useful because they…

Help in stressful times - some even make the host bacterium resistant to antibiotics!

Can contain “killer genes” to protect against other bacteria.

Involved in gene transfer and increasing diversity

How to identify prokaryotes?

Cell Shape - spherical, spiral, rod

Cell Wall - gram + or gram - (structural differences)

Movement - snaking, propelling, gliding etc.

Respiration

Reproduction

Types of bacterium shapes

Coccus, Bacillus, Spirillium

Coccus

Sphere shaped bacteria

Bacillus

Rod shaped bacteria

Spirillum

Spiral shaped bacteria

Types of bacterium groups

Mono, diplo, strepto, staphylo

Mono

One bacteria

Diplo

Two bacteria

Strepto

Bacteria in a chain

Staphylo

Bacteria in a cluster

Shapes that are unique to Archaea

Cannulae, Hamus

Cannulae

Hollow tube-like structures appear to connect cells after division, creating a dense network of cells and tubes. May serve as a way to attach to surfaces

Hamus

Long helical tube with three hooks at the far end. May allow cells to attach both to one another and to surfaces, encouraging the formation of a community

Gram +

Contain lots of peptidoglycan in cell wall.

Stain purple (positive) with a gram test.

More receptive to antibiotics.

Eubacteria

Gram -

-Thin peptidoglycan layer in cell wall.

- Stain pink (negative) with a gram test.

- Less receptive to antibiotics.

- Mostly Archaea

Types of Prokaryote movement

Flagellum, Cilia, Non-Motile

Flagellum

Tail like structure that propels the bacterium

Cilia

small hair-like projections move back and forth in a synchronized movemen

Non-Motile

Sticky cilia like structures that keep the bacterium from moving

Types of bacterial Respiration

Aerobic, Anaerobic, Obligate Aerobes, Obligate Anaerobes, Facultative Anaerobes

Aerobic

grows in the presence of oxygen

Anaerobic

grows in the absence of oxygen

Obligate Aerobes

must have oxygen

Obligate Anaerobes

must have NO oxygen

Facultative Anaerobes

can grow with or without oxygen

Archaea complete what type of bacterial respiration

Obligate anaerobes

Bacteria/Archaea Metabolism types

Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, Chemotrophs

Autotrophs

Make their own energy

Use solar energy (or other chemical compounds) to ‘fix’ carbon dioxide

Heterotrophs

Obtain energy from eating other organism

Chemotraphs

Makes own energy from chemicals like sulfur or hydrogen sulfide

Types of prokaryote reproduction

Binary Fission, Conjugation

Binary Fission

Asexual Reproduction/Cloning

Conjugation

Sexual reproduction - 1 bacterial cell passes a copy of a plasmid through a hollow pilus, contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin.

Spore formation in Eubacteria

For survival, not reproduction. A strong structure forms around the chromosome during environmental stress:

Types of symbiosis

Parasitism, Commensalism, Mutualism

Archaea

Prokaryotic

Don’t look that different from eubacteria under a microscope.

VERY different biochemically and genetically - Gram Negative

Some live in the most extreme environments on Earth

Archaea Groups

Chemotrophs/Methanogens, Halophiles, Extreme Thermophiles, Psychrophiles

Chemotrophs/Methanogens

convert chemical compounds into methane gas

Halophiles

like salt water (oceans)

Extreme Thermophiles

like warm environments (hot springs)

Psychrophiles

cold-loving organisms (Arctic soil)

Bacteria make up the ____ of the two prokaryotic kingdoms

larger

Are Viruses alive?

No

Why are viruses not alive

Not made of cells

No metabolism

Can’t reproduce (without infecting a living host)

Can reproduce within a host and kill it

No homeostasis

Can’t respond to stimuli.

Can’t develop (grow).

What are Viruses

Small, infectious, non-living, non-cellular particles.

Do Viruses contain cytoplasm?

No

What do viruses need to reproduce?

Cannot grow or reproduce on their own - They need a host

Do viruses have genetic mateiral?

Yes - They have genetic material which takes control of other cells to create “virus copies”.

Do viruses need energy?

No. They do not produce or use energy, nor do they create waste

Basic structure of a virion

Genetic material, Capsid/Head

Virus Genetic Material Options

RNA (single stranded) or DNA (Double Stranded)

Capsid/Head

protein coat that surrounds and protects the genetic material of a virus

How are viruses classified?

Into orders, families, genera and species based on size, shape, and type of genetic material.

RNA viruses

Have single stranded RNA as genetic material.

RNA Viruses Mutation Rate

Very high mutation rates because during replication not proof-read the same as DNA.

Vaccines are not as effective due to mutations.

DNA Viruses

Has double stranded DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

DNA Viruses Mutations

Lower mutation rates because of proofreading.

More constant/stable so vaccines are effective.

Bacteriophage

Infects by injecting DNA into a bacterium.

Once DNA joins the bacterial DNA, the lysogenic cycle begins.

Lytic Cycle

the virus enters the cell, replicates itself hundreds of times, and then bursts out of the cell destroying it

Lytic Cycle Steps

1. Attachment

2. Injection/Entry

3. Replication

4. Assembly

5. Release

Retrovirus Replication

A unique replication process combining lytic and lysogenic elements. They enter cells through direct fusion and use reverse transcriptase to create complementary DNA from their RNA.