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Culture
All of a group's learned beliefs, behaviors, actions, and objects
Cultural trait
Visible and non visible elements of culture
Cultural complex
A series of interrelated cultural traits
Cultural hearths
The area in which a specific cultural trait develops
Diffuse
Spread to other places
Taboos
Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture
Traditional culture
Used to encompass all three cultural designations and share the function of passing down long-held beliefs, values, and practices
Folk culture
The beliefs and practices of small, homogeneous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change
Indigenous culture
When members of an ethnic group reside in their ancestral lands, and typically possess unique cultural traits, such as speaking their own exclusive language
Globalization
Increased integration of the world economy since the 1970's
Popular culture
When cultural traits such as clothing, music, movies, types of businesses, and the built landscape spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups
Global culture
Elements that are quickly adopted worldwide
Cultural landscape
The modification of the environment by a group and is a visible reflection of that group's cultural beliefs and values
Artifacts
objects created by and used by humans that comprise the material culture
Material culture
Consists of the tangible things, or those that can be experienced by the senses
Mentifacts
Comprised of a group's non material culture
Nonmaterial culture
Consists of intangible concepts or those not having a physical presence.
Sociofacts
The ways people organize their society and relate to one another
Placelessness
The loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next
Built environment
The physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape
Traditional architecture
Reflects a local culture's history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations to the environment and typically utilizes locally available materials
Postmodern architecture
A movement away from boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures toward high rise structures made from large amounts of steel and glass siding
Contemporary architecture
An extension of postmodern architecture; uses multiple advances to create buildings that rotate, curve, and stretch the limits of size and height
Ethnicity
Membership in a group of people who share characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, history, and common experiences
Ethnic enclaves
Clusters of people of the same culture, but surrounded by people of a culture that is dominant in the region
Cultural regions
Regions determined by characteristics or clear features
Cultural realms
Larger areas that include several regions; Cultures within these realms have a few traits they all share, such as language families, religious traditions, food preferences, architecture, or a shared history
Sacred place
A specific place or natural feature that has religious signifigance
Diaspora
When one group of people are dispersed to various locations
Charter group
The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space
Ethnic islands
Formed by ethnic concentrations in rural areas and maintain a strong, long-lasting sense of unity due to their limited interaction with people outside of their group
Sequent occupancy
Ethnic groups moving in and out of neighborhoods and creating new cultural imprints on the landscape
Neolocalism
The process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place
Cultural patterns
Consists of related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create similar behaviors across space
Cultural hearth
Where a religion or ethnicity began
Nationality
Based on people's connection to a particular country
Centripetal forces
Those that unify a group of people or a region
Centrifugal forces
Those that divide a group of people or a region
Sharia
The legal framework of a country derived from Islamic edicts taken from their holy book
Blue laws
Laws that restrict certain activites
Fundamentalism
An attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith
Theocracies
Countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws
Ethnocentrism
The belief one's own cultural group is more important and superior to other cultures
Cultural relativism
The concept that a person's or group's beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group's culture
Cultural appropriation
The act of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture
Diffusion
The spread of information, ideas, behaviors, and other aspects of culture from the hearth to wider areas
Relocation diffusion
The spread of culture and/or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them
Hierarchical diffusion
The spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and importance
Reverse hierarchical diffusion
A trait diffuses from a lower class to a higher class
Stimulus diffusion
When an underlying idea from a culture hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects one trait
Expansion diffusion
The spread of cultural traits outward through exchange without migration
Contagious diffusion
When a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people
Imperialism
A broad concept that includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group by direct economic control or cultural domiance
Colonialism
A particular type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country
Animism
The belief that non-living objects such as rivers or mountains, possess spirits
Native speakers
Those who use the language they learned from birth
Lingua franca
A common language used by people who do not share the same native language
Slang
Words used informally by a segment of the population
Pidgin language
A simplified mixture of two languages that has fewer grammar rules and a smaller vocabulary, but is not the native language of either group
Creole languages
Two or more separate languages mix and develop a more formal structure and vocabulary to create a new combined language
Social constructs
Ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in a society or social group and are not created by nature
Time-space convergence
The greater interconnection between places that results from improvements in transportation
Cultural convergence
Cultures are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits, ideas, and beliefs
Cultural divergence
The idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions and changes
Linguists
Scientists who study languages
Language tree
A graph showing how several languages are related to eachother
Indo-European language family
A large group of languages that might all have descended from a language spoken around 6,000 years ago
Romance languages
The distinct regional languages derived from latin
Isogloss
boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage
Dialects
Regional variations of a language
Adages
Sayings that attempt to express a truth about life
Official languages
A language designated by law to be the language of government
Homogeneous
Made up largely of ethnically similar people
Adherents
Believers in their faith
Ethnic religions
Belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics
Universal religions
Actively seeks converts to its faith regardless of their ethnic backgrounds
Hinduism
An ethnic religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Polytheistic
Having many gods
Monotheistic
Having one god
Karma
The idea that behaviors have consequences in the present life or a future life
Caste system
A rigid class structure
Buddhism
Religion inspired by Hinduism that emphasizes mediating, reflecting, and refraining from earthly desires
Sikhism
A relatively new monotheistic universalizing faith
Gurdwaras
A sikh's place of worhsip
Judaism
The monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud
Christianity
A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.
Islam
A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.
Pilgrimage
A religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of his or her religion
Homogenization
Making people of different places more alike
Acculturation
An ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area adapts the values and practices of the larger group while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture
Assimilation
When an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group
Syncretism
The fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait
Glocalization
A form of syncretism that involves the creation of products or services for the global market by adapting them to local cultures
Multiculturalism
The coexistence of several cultures in one society, with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study
Nativist
Anti-immigrant attitudes may form among the cultural majority, sometimes bring violence or government action against the immigrant or minority group.