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Population distribution
Describes how the individuals of a population spread out across their habitat
Population density
The number of people living within a specified area
Crude birth rate
The number of live births of a given area during a given year per 1,000 of the population
Crude death rate
The number of deaths occurring among the population of a given area during a given year per 1,000 of the population
Child mortality rate
The number of children who die before the age of 5 per 1,000 live births
Natural increase
Occurs when the birth rate is higher than death rate
Annual growth rate
The increase in a country’s population during a period of time, expressed as a percentage of the population
Total fertility rate
The average number of children a woman would have in her lifetime
Fertility rate
The number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age (15-44)
Replacement rate
The average number of children per woman necessary for each generation to sustain population levels
Infant mortality rate
The number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age
Doubling time
The time taken for a population to double in size
Population projection
Estimates of total size or composition of populations in the future based on current trends in fertility and mortality
Ageing population
A higher than average number of elderly in a population
Youthful population
This refers to a population where there is a higher proportion of young people due to high birth rates and low child mortality rates
Dependency ratio
A measure of how many people depend on the working age population for economic support
Population momentum
Occurs when a country’s fertility rate declines or is below replacement level- population size continues due to age structure
Carrying capacity
The maximum number of individuals that a given environment can support with the resources available and without detrimental effects
Globalization
The growing integration of the world’s economies
Newly industrializing countries (NICs)
Countries which have experienced rapid industrial, social, and economic growth since 1960
Favelas
Illegal settlements where people have built homes on land that they did not own (great social deprivation)
Inequality
Differences between poverty and wealth, wellbeing, access to jobs, housing and education
Informal economy
Money that is earned and that is not taxed
Formal economy
Money is taxed and is contributed to the GDP
Economic development
The actions of the government to improve the economic and social wellbeing of people living in that particular country
Migration
The movement of people across a specified boundary in order to establish a new permanent or semi permanent residence
Immigration
Act of entering a foreign country, often for permanent residency
Emigration
Act of leaving one’s own country often to settle permanently in another country
Forced migration
Refers to the movement of refugees and internally displaced people (those displaced by conflicts within their country of origin)
Conflict induced displacement
When people are forced to flee their homes as a result of armed conflict including civil war, generalized violence
Development induced displacement
Occurs when people are compelled to move as a result of policies and projects implemented to advance ‘development’
Disaster induced displacement
Occurs when people are displaced as a result of natural disasters
Human trafficking
The recruitment and transportation of people through force or deception with the aim of exploiting them for profit
Demographic dividend
