[02.02] Health Promotion V2.1.pdf

The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health, involving the population as a whole in their everyday lives and directed toward action on determinants of health

What is the definition of Health Promotion?

Any planned combination of educational, political, regulatory and organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, or communities

How do Green & Kreuter define Health Promotion?

Any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities

How does the Joint Committee on Health Education, Promotion Terminology (2000) define Health Promotion?

Build healthy public policy; Create physical and social environments supportive of individual change; Strengthen community actions; Develop personal skills; Reorient health services to the population and partnerships with patients

What are the five key actions outlined in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986)?

Aims to avoid the emergence and establishment of social, economic, and cultural patterns of living that are known to contribute to an elevated risk of disease

What is the goal of Primordial Prevention?

Public health policy and health promotion

What task primarily addresses Primordial Prevention?

Aims to maintain health by removing the precipitating causes and determinants of departure from good health, thereby reducing the incidence of disease

What is the goal of Primary Prevention?

Population Strategy and High-risk Individual Strategy

What are the two strategies involved in Primary Prevention?

Aims to cure patients and reduce more serious consequences of disease through early diagnosis and treatment

What is the goal of Secondary Prevention?

Aims at reducing the progress or complications of established disease and is an important aspect of therapeutic and rehabilitation medicine

What is the goal of Tertiary Prevention?

Promote social responsibility for health; Increase investments for health development; Expand partnerships for health promotion; Increase community capacity and empower the individual; Secure an infrastructure for health promotion

What are the 5 priority areas for Health Promotion identified in the Jakarta Declaration (1997)?

Community mobilization, Community organization, Community empowerment, Community participation, Community development, Coalition building, Advocacy, Lobbying, Policy development, Developing legislation, Developing social norms

What are some methodologies important to Health Promotion?

Behavior change in an individual, and at a community or group level

What does health promotion aim to bring about?

Stigma

What still exists in the discussion of HIV, especially in the workplace?

Unprotected sexual contact between men

What was initially the most common mode of HIV transmission, leading to it being called "gay cancer"?

Men who have sex with men (MSM)

Which population remains most vulnerable to HIV?

Abstinence, Be faithful, Condom use, Avoiding drug-use, Education

What are the five basic parameters, or ABCDEs, discussed during HIV counseling?

Primary prevention

What type of prevention does the CDC aim for as much as possible regarding HIV?

Secondary prevention, where HIV patients receive care to remain virally suppressed

For individuals already infected with HIV, what type of prevention do they focus on?

Stresses having only one single partner, multiple sexual partners and unprotected sexual contact as main causes of spread, and advocates determining factors affecting condom use

What does local health promotion by the AIDS Society of the Philippines emphasize?

Help increase awareness, Improve social response and openness, Improve advocacy and investment for better HIV care and treatment

What can the power of influencers (like Princess Diana and Elizabeth Taylor) do for HIV advocacy?

Decrease stigma, Catch vulnerable individuals at an early stage without leading to tertiary care (AIDS)

What can influencers like Olympian Ji Wallace help achieve by coming out with HIV?

HIV

In the spectrum of HIV/AIDS, which is considered secondary prevention?

Full blown AIDS

In the spectrum of HIV/AIDS, which is considered tertiary prevention?

Emphasizes on the response and openness so there will be access to HIV care and treatment

What did Bill Clinton emphasize regarding HIV?

Culture-specific

What characteristic should health promotion have?

Language and audience

What should information be localized in terms of for culture-specific health promotion?

It is part of health promotion

What is the relationship between health education and health promotion?

A communication activity aimed at enhancing positive health and prevention of diminishing ill-health in individuals and groups through influencing beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of those with power and of the community at large

How do Downie, Fayfe, and Tannahill (1990) define Health Education?

Any combination of planned learning experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communities with an opportunity to acquire information and skills needed to make quality health decisions

How does the Joint Committee on Health Promotion Terminology (2000) define Health Education?

Comprising consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of communication designed to improve health literacy, including improving knowledge, and developing life skills which are conducive to individual and community health

How does the World Health Organization define Health Education?

Any planned combination of learning experiences designed to predispose, enable and reinforce voluntary behavior conducive to individuals, groups, or communities

How do Green & Kreuter (2005) define Health Education?

Science, has a system, and is planned

What are characteristics of health education?

Lectures, IEC materials, Role plays, Case studies

What are some techniques involved in health education delivery?

To influence a behavior in the past so that healthy behavior is established in a voluntary manner

What is the primary objective of health education?

Coercion

What should health education not involve?

Group, Organization, Individual, Community

What are the several levels at which health education is conducted?

HIV counselors who have been rehabilitated, were former drug-users, or were patients seeking care in social hygiene clinics

Who are examples of individuals who became good examples of health education in relation to HIV?

Risky behavior to preventive behavior

What kind of change did HIV counselors exhibit?

World AIDS Day, and messages like "Prevention of HIV: It begins with me"

What are examples of HIV awareness and advocacy efforts?

The study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health

What is the definition of Health Communication by CDC and the NCI/NIH?

Foundations of public health, Level of health prevention, How we transmit our messages

What are the three intersections of health communication?

Increase knowledge, awareness, advocacy; Increase knowledge of intended audience; Influence perceptions and beliefs; Reinforce healthy behavior; Increase demand for services; Refute myths; Advocate a position; Increase surveillance and disease awareness; Distribute emergency messages

What are some things health communication can do?

Hand hygiene, Social distancing, Mask-wearing

What three things were highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic to show the benefit of behavior change?

Correct and consistent condom use, No sharing of needles, Abstinence, Being faithful to one partner

What are the effects of health communication in terms of HIV prevention?

Demystify as individuals, clarify the true risk of a disease or behavior change

What can proper health communication do regarding risk?

Cannot compensate for inadequate care or access; Cannot produce sustained changes in behaviors unless part of a sustained or comprehensive program; Cannot always be effective; Cannot suggest what it cannot do (only what is possible)

What are some things health communication cannot do?

Several channels of communication

What is necessary due to barriers to effective communication?

Campaign goal is defined and part of larger goal; Messages created effectively; Ability to pre-test, retest, and update; Implement effectively; Evaluate and improve

What are the characteristics of effective health communication campaigns?

Evaluate and improve

What is considered the most important characteristic of effective health communication campaigns?

For a particular period of time

What defines a communication campaign regarding its duration?

Organized communication activities directed at particular audiences to achieve specified goals

What do both communication campaigns and communication programs involve?

Population behavior change; Policy change or policy development; Change language to alter perceptions; Identify and support people in need; Professional training; Organize stakeholders; Diffuse/translate successful programs

What can health communication accomplish?

Start initially with a walkthrough survey

What is the initial step in applying health promotion, education, and communication in an occupational medicine setting?

Understanding the basic processes, material, and tasks in the company

What is an objective of a walkthrough survey?

Plan for a more detailed surveillance or follow-up

What does a walkthrough survey enable?

Preparation for a site visit, Site Visit, Report findings, Follow up recommendations

What are the components of a walkthrough survey?

Change international policies; Organize conferences; Change national policies; Change hospital policies; Train professionals; Organize national chapters; Change curriculum in medical and nursing schools; Media campaigns; Organize support groups; Language Changes; Organize means of collecting feedback

What were the steps in Wellstart’s Comprehensive International Breastfeeding Campaign?

"Baby formula" becomes "breastmilk substitute," and the issue is dubbed "lactation management"

What language changes were made in the breastfeeding campaign?

Educational, organizational, or economic activities in the workplace designed to improve the health of workers and the community

What is Worksite Health Promotion (WHP)?

Improved social and worker relationship, Increased morale, Reduced stress, Improved quality of life

What are benefits of addressing organizational health issues for employees?

Reduced absenteeism, Reduced on-the-job accidents, Lower worker compensation and medical costs, Reduced labor turnover and replacement costs, Reduced overtime, Improved decision-making quality, Increased employee morale, Improved employee health

What are benefits of addressing organizational health issues for employers?

Health is not seen as an investment (prior to COVID-19); Health is seen as an expenditure

What are challenges for physicians and occupational health and safety when communicating health programs?

Low compensation and low medical cost, Reduced labor turnover, Reduced replacement, recruitment, and training cost

In what language should health programs be translated for employers and upper management?

Prevention, Participation, Equity and access, Responsibility

What are the four principles of Worksite Health Promotion?

Preventing disease and promoting health is a desirable and cost-effective approach

What is the principle of Prevention in WHP?

Establishing and running programs is best done by involving all parties

What is the principle of Participation in WHP?

Effective health promotion programs should be available to all workers, at convenient times and locations, and be consistent across all branches

What is the principle of Equity and Access in WHP?

Both employers and employees

Who has responsibility in health promotion according to the principles of WHP?

A place where everyone works together to achieve an agreed vision for the health and well-being of workers and the surrounding community

What is a healthy workplace?

Provides all members of the workforce with physical, psychological, social, and organizational conditions that protect and promote healthy and safety

What conditions does a healthy workplace provide?

Create a healthy, supportive and safe work environment

What are the aims of a healthy workplace?

Ensure health promotion and health protection become an integral part of management practices and total organizational participation

What are the aims of a healthy workplace?

Foster work styles and lifestyles conducive to health

What are the aims of a healthy workplace?

Extend positive impacts to the local and surrounding community

What are the aims of a healthy workplace?

Promote harmonious working relationship

What are the aims of a healthy workplace?

Commit to uphold and respect the dignity of the worker

What are the aims of a healthy workplace?

70-80%

Approximately what percentage of their day do most people spend in their workplace?

Increasing awareness and providing information through brochures, leaflets, and posters (eg, monthly awareness campaigns)

What does lower-level implementation in a healthy workplace involve?

Health education programs including counseling, screening, courses, workshops, self-help materials, often focusing on exercise, diet, stress management, etc (eg, no smoking policy, sneakers' day, gym partnerships)

What does medium-level implementation in a healthy workplace involve?

Provision of a supportive environment, making healthy choices easy (eg, nutritious food in cafeteria, no smoking policy, recycle facilities)

What does higher-level implementation in a healthy workplace involve?

Build community support; Assess worksite culture and social norms; Solicit top management and union support; Use employee input in planning; Provide ongoing programming; Conduct periodic program evaluation

What are the steps to establish WHP?

Solicit top management and union support, and Use employee input in planning

Which two steps are considered the most important in establishing WHP?

Workplace Policies, Organizational Environment, Physical Environment, Lifestyle And Personal Health Skills, Health Services

What are the components of a Healthy Workplace?

Enforcement of health and safety laws, regulations and standards

What is the top priority under Workplace Policies?

DOLE

Which agency is responsible for enforcing health and safety laws, regulations and standards in the workplace?

Good leadership, open management style, increased employee participation, sense of control, enhanced communication, opportunities for development, protection from harassment, equitable remuneration, mechanisms for acknowledging good work

What elements are included in the Organizational Environment of a healthy workplace?

Technology, buildings, plant, equipment, materials, work processes, indoor and outdoor practices

What factors influence health and safety in the Physical Environment?

Their personal lifestyle (diet, exercise, stress management, smoking, alcohol/substance abuse)

What significantly affects the health status of workers?

Organizational change support for healthy lifestyles

What must go hand in hand with addressing workers' personal lifestyles?

Ensures that the workplace has access to basic health services and plays an important role in critical incident management

What is the role of Health Services in a healthy workplace?

Employee and other participation

What are practical considerations for WHP?

Thorough needs assessment

What are practical considerations for WHP?

Selection of intervention targets

What are practical considerations for WHP?

Supportive environments for individual behavior change

What are practical considerations for WHP?

Considering stages of readiness for change

What are practical considerations for WHP?

Setting programs for HP and OHS

What are practical considerations for WHP?

Building periodic checks

What are practical considerations for WHP?

Follow the steps for strategic communication

When is health communication more effective?

Use appropriate theories of behavior change and communication

When is health communication more effective?