CPH Exam Review: Disease Prevention & Injury Reduction

vertical gene transfer

normal replication, sometimes mistakes made (how new bacteria emerge)

horizontal gene transfer

bacteria can easily exchange characteristics with other bacteria (antibiotic resistance)

biofilm communities

bacteria on surface (dental plaque)

quorom sensing

cell to cell communication in bacteria

How much of the microbial community has been identified?

1%

What % of the population is at risk for foodborne diseases?

30%; young, elderly, pregnant

signs and symptoms of FBI

-mild illness

-Guillain-Bare syndrome (salmonella and campylobacter)

-IBS (salmonella and campylobacter)

-reactive arthritis (e.coli)

-kidney disease (e.coli)

FBI that causes most illness

norovirus: 58%

salmonella: 11%

clostridium perfringens: 10%

campylobacter: 9%

Where do most FBI come from?

produce: due to way its processed

meat: high in nitrogen where bacteria can reproduce

waterborne diseases

17 waterborne pathogens costs up to $8.77 B

salmonella (non-typhodial) symptoms

nausea, vomiting diarrhea, fever, headache

salmonella (non-typhodial) transmitted by:

meat, poultry, eggs, raw milk, unpasteurized juice

salmonella (non-typhodial) contributing factors

cross-contamination, undercooked foods, poor agricultural practices

What is the leading cause of FBI hospitalizations and deaths?

salmonella (non-typhodial)

campylobacter symptoms

diarrhea, potential nerve damage

campylobacter transmitted by:

raw poultry, raw milk, contaminated water, poultry

campylobacter contributing factors

cross-contamination and undercooking

shiga toxin-producing e. coli symptoms

bloody diarrhea, kidney failure, death

shiga toxin-producing e. coli transmitted by

raw/undercooked beef, poultry, leafy greens, unpasteurized milk/juices

shiga toxin-producing e. coli contributing factors

poor GAP, inadequate heating, person to person

Yersina enterocolitica symptoms

abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea

Yersina enterocolitica primary source

raw pork, raw milk

Yersina enterocolitica contributing factors

cross contamination with raw pork and RTE foods

Listeria monocytes symptoms

severe illness, encephalitis, late abortion

Listeria monocytes occurs:

wildly in agriculture

Listeria monocytes spread by

environmental contamination, equipment, people, raw ingredients

Cronobacter sakazakii symptoms

neonatal meningitis and death

Cronobacter sakazakii associated with:

powdered infant formula

vibrio symptoms

diarrhea to high fever

vibrio industry of concern

aquaculture due to vibrio being halophilic bacterium (loves salt)

vibrio primary source

salt water environments and seafood

basic reproduction number (R0)

epi metric most often used to study infectious disease dynamics as an indicator of the contagiousness or transmissibility

Food Safety Modernization Act

largest legislation associated with food safety in last 70 years signed into law Jan 2011 by Obama

Top 10 Public Health Achievements of the First Decade of the 21st Century

vaccine preventable diseases, prevention and control of infectious diseases, maternal/infant health, CVD prevention, cancer prevention, improved public health preparedness and response, occupational safety, motor vehicle safety, tobacco control, and childhood lead poisoning

the introduction of sewage into a stream is most likely to cause a measurable change by

increase in biochemical oxygen demand

risk assessment

systematic method by which environmental exposure to a substance is quantified using information about the hazardous properties of the substance, human exposure to the substance, dose-response relationships, and risk characterization

in addition to ozone and particulates, what is most likely to aggravate asthma?

sulfur dioxide

recreational water quality in the US is most affected by what pollution?

urban runoff after a rain event

concern with live, attenuated vaccines?

they can cause disease in an immunocompromised individual

risk factors

characteristics, attributes, or exposures such as hypertension, unsafe sex, alcohol consumption, unsafe water that can increase the likelihood of developing disease or injury

most accurate exposure assessment in workers?

biomonitoring of chemicals or metabolites of the chemicals in blood and urine

disinfection method most commonly used in US drinking water supply

chlorination

sludge

nutrient-rich solids produced as a byproduct of municipal sewage treatment and often proposed for use as a soil amender in agriculture

environmental justice

the social conditions of unequal distribution of environmental hazards

largest source of radiation to the public in the US

medical use of x-rays

Clean Air Act

directs the EPA to establish national ambient air quality standards

most common cause of unintentional death in the US

unintentional poisoning (drug abuse)

recommended uniform newborn screening panel

metabolic disorders (PKU), endocrine disorders (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), hemoglobin disorders (sickle cell) and hearing loss

Most of the genetic conditions in newborn screening programs follow:

an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance