Chapter 12 181

How is the brain protected

The skull, meninges, CSF, and BBB

Functions of meninges

Protects the CNS, encloses venous sinuses, and forms partitions

Functions of CSF

Cushions the brain, provides nutrients, removes waste

Functions of blood brain barrier

Maintains a stable environment, preventing entry of harmful substances

What neuroglia assist the Blood Brain Barrier and how does BBB work

Astrocytes

Endothelial cells form tight junction restricting passage of substances

What is white and gray brain matter

White matter consists of myelinated axons

Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

What are five major divisions of the brain

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

What are gyri, sulci, and fissures

Ridges, shallow grooves, deep grooves

What are longitudinal and transverse fissures

Separates left and right

Separates cerebrum and cerebellum

What are the five lobes of cerebrum and their major functions

Frontal-motor control

Parietal-sensory processing

Temporal-auditory and memory

Occipital-vision

Insula-taste and sensations

What/where is the cerebral cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum

How is the cerebral cortex structured and what does each part do

Organized into motor, sensory, and association areas

What are Boca’s and Wernicke’s areas of brain

Frontal lobe-speech production

Temporal/parietal-language comprehension

What is motor somatotopy and its importance

Mapping of body parts to areas in the motor cortex

Needed for coordinated, localized control

What is the the somatosensory cortex and how is it organized

Located in the parietal lobe, organized by body region to process sensory input

12 sensory areas of the Cortex

Primary somatosensory, Somatosensory association, Visual, Visual Association, Auditory, Auditory Association, Vestibular, Olfactory, Gustatory, Visceral sensory, Multimodal, Wernicke’s

What occurs in the multimodal of the cerebrum

Integrates multiple sensory inputs

What occurs in the anterior of the cerebrum

Cognition and personality

What occurs in the posterior of the cerebrum

Spatial awarness

What occurs in the limbic areas of the cerebrum

Emotions and memory

What is lateralization

Specialization of function in one hemisphere

What is contralateralization

Each hemisphere controls the opposite body side

What is cerebral dominance

One hemisphere dominated language

What do the fibers of cerebral white matter do

Connect parts of the brainvand facilitate communication between them.

What does basal ganglia do

Regulate movement, start/stop movements, suppress unwanted movements

What structures comprise the diencephalon and what do they do

Thalamus(sensory relay), Hypothalamus(homeostasis), Epithalamus(pineal gland)

What structures comprise the brain stem and what are their functions

Midbrain(visual, auditory), Pons(bridge for tracts, breathing rhythm), Medulla(vital centers for heart rate, breathing)

What is the function of the cerebellum

Coordinates voluntary movement, balance, and motor learning

How does cerebellum processing work

Receives sensory and motor inputs, integrates, and sends feedback to motor areas

What is the limbic system and what does it do

Emotional brain, involved in memory and motivation too

What is reticular formation and what does it do

A network in brainstem that controls alertness, filters stimuli, and modulates pain

What is declarative memory

Recall of facts

What is procedural memory

Recalls skills

What is emotional memory

Recall of feelings

What is motor memory

Recall of motor skills and movements

What influences our ability to move topics from short term to long term

includes rehearsal, emotional significance, and and the quality of attention given to the information.

What is consciousness

The awareness of self/environment

How is EEG related to consciousness in terms of alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves

Measures brain waves: Alpha(relaxed), Beta(alert), Theta(light sleep), Delta(deep sleep)

How is sleep regulated and its importance

By the hypothalamus and circadian rhythms

Restores energy, coordinates memory, clears brain waste

Define the cross sectional anatomy of the spinal cord and its anterior/ posterior spinal horns

Gray matter-Butterfly shaped

Dorsal Horns-Sensory

Ventral Horns-Motor

Lateral Horns-Autonomic

White matter surrounds gray

Where does CNS end and PNS begin within the spinal column

CNS ends at the spinal nerves, PNS begins as nerves exit spinal cord

How is gray matter in the spinal cord organized

Dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns

What is paraplegia, quadriplegia

Paralysis of the lower limbs

Paralysis of all limbs

What is decussation

Crossing over of fibers

What is relay

Chain of neurons

What is somatotopy

Mapping of body regions

What do 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons do in the ascending pathway

1st order-sensory to the spinal cord

2nd-spinal cord to thalamus

3rd-thalamus to cortex

In general what do the tracks in the spinal cord represent

Organized bundles of axons that conduct sensory or motor impulses

NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate

True

The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system

False

The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective brain

True

One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing

True

Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus

False

The brain stem consists of the

midbrain, medulla, and pons

The primary auditory cortex is located in the

Temporal lobe

Spinocerebellar tracts

Carry proprioceptive info to the cerebellum

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges

Between the arachnoid and pia mater

The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the

medulla

Which fissure separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Longitudinal fissure

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum

The thinking cap and executive suite

A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a

Sulcus

Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex

The hemispheres are not exactly equal in function

The hypothalamus

Regulates body temperature

White matter with regard to spinal cord and brain contains

Myelinated nerve fibers

Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei

Do not initiate protective reflexes

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called

Gyri

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are

Pyramidal and corticospinal

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the

Visual association area

Broca’s area

Motor speech area

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano

Procedural memory

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the

Reticular formation

REM sleep is associated with

Temporary muscle inhibition

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath for too long

Visceral sensory area

Which statement about coma is true

Total unresponsiveness for extended time

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the

Corpus callosum

Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the

Dorsal root

The —— includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Diencephalon

— rhythm is a 2 hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness

Circadian

The — is a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain

Blood-brain barrier

From superficial to deep, the layers of brain protections are

Skull, dura mater, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater

What area of the brain is context and meaning assigned

Temporal lobe

What area of the brain provides us with the emotional impact of events to us

Amygdala

Know as the primitive brain, the portion mediates our higher cortical thoughts with our body’s vital functions

Brainstem

The spinal cord is entirely myelinated and thus white matter

False

The dorsal horn would be considered the

Sensory region

The spinal nerves are named

based on the regions of the spine they emerge from, including cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.