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What are the five major functions of the skeletal system?
What are the two most protected organs of the body?
The brain and the heart.
What are ligaments?
Connect bone to bone.
What are tendons?
Connect bone to muscle.
What does hematopoiesis mean?
The creation of blood cells.
Which part of the body are most active in producing blood cells in adults?
Vertebra, sternum, ribs.
What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton.
Axial: Axis
Appendicular: Extremities/limbs
How many bones are in the skull?
29
How many bones are in the vertebral column?
26
How many bones are in the ribcage?
25
How many total bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
How many total bones are there in the appendicular skeleton
126
How many total bones in the human skeleton?
206
What are sutures?
Non-moveable joints between the bones.
What are fontanels?
"Soft spots” in the skull.
What are the four paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoidal.
What does the auditory tube connect to?
What are the three ossicles?
Malleus, incus, stapes
What two things cause facial growth?
Eruption of teeth/Enlargement of the air sinuses
What does congenital mean?
From birth.
What is achondroplastic dwarfism?
Classic dwarfism. Caused by lack of growth hormones from adolescence.
What is cleft lip?
Incomplete fusion of the maxillae.
How frequent is cleft lip?
1/1000
What is cleft palate?
Partial/complete failure of palatine process of the maxillae to fuse together.
How frequent is cleft palate?
1/2500
What does dactyly mean?
Digits
What is spina bifida?
Incomplete fusion of the vertebral arches of the vertebrae.
What is a club foot?
Sole of the foot is turned inward at the ankle.
What is congenital hip dislocation?
Acetabulum of hip is not large enough to hold head of femur in place.
What causes ricketts?
Decreased calcium content in intercellular matrix of bone tissue.
What are the symptoms of rickets?
Softening of bones leading to scoliosis and bowed legs.
What is rickets?
Softening of the bones.
What is osteoporosis?
Porous bones.
What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?
Weak bones, that are easily broken.
What causes ostreoporosis?
Usually happens to women after menopause due to decreased estrogen. (iirc)
What is acromegaly?
Increased thickening of bones, especially mandibles and hands.
What is the name of the disorder that is caused from excess growth hormone in children?
Gigantism.
How do simple fractures look?
Closed. Maybe a bruise in the skin from impact?
How do compound fractures look?
Bone sticking out. Blood and ripped flesh because broken bones are sharp.
What are incomplete fractures?
Bones that aren’t completely snapped.
What are comminuted fractures?
Shattered bone.
What are osteomas?
Benign bone tumor.
What is osteosarcoma?
Malignant cancerous bone tumors.
What is the description of a fissure?
A break.
What is the description of a foramen?
An opening in a bone.
What is a meatus?
The entrance of the ear.
What are paranasal sinuses?
Communicates with nasal cavities.
What is a groove or sulcus?
A groove in the skull
What is a fossa?
A hollow in the bone
Where is the frontal bone?
At the front, generally where the forehead is.
What are the supraorbital foramina?
Just above the eyes.
What is the zygomatic process of the frontal bone?
Cheek bone.
What is the occipital bone?
The sides of the skull.
What are the external occipital protuberances?
A bump at the base of the skull.
Where can you only find the frontal suture?
In infants/fetal skulls.
What happens at the occipital condyle?
The Atlas bone articulates (meets) with the occipital bone.
What goes through the foramen magnum?
The spinal cord and also the vertebral arteries.
What are vertebral arteries?
Brings oxygen to the brain.
What do the grooves for the sigmoid sinus do?
Conduct blood through the jugular foramina into the internal jugular veins.
What is the bony area around the external auditory meatus?
Temporal bones.
Where is the mastoid air sinus located?
At the mastoid process.
What is he medical term for ear canal?
Auditory (acoustic) meatus.
What passes through the jugular foramen?
Opening where the glossopharyngeal, vagus and the spinal accessory nerve pass through. (the internal jugular vein too)
What does the styloid process mean?
Needle-like.
What does mastoid process mean?
Rock-like.
Where is the maxilla?
Above the jaw.
What are alveolar processes?
Tooth sockets.
What is the zygomatic bone?
Cheek bones.
What does crista galli mean?
“Rooster’s comb”.
Where is the crista galli located?
The superior portion of the ethmoid bone that projects into the cranial cavity
What are olfactory foramina?
Smell holes.
What is the sella turcica?
“Turkish saddle”
What is the pituitary gland known as?
The master gland.
What is in the sella turcica?
The pituitary gland.
What goes through the optic canals?
The optic nerves and the ophthalmic arteries.
What goes through the foramen rotundum?
The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerves.
What goes through the foramen ovale?
Mandibular of the trigeminal nerves.
What goes through the foramen lacerum?
Internal carotid arteries.
What is the pterygoid process?
The portion of the sphenoid bone that forms the posterior part of the hard palate.
How many bones make up the nasal bones?
2 bones.
Where are lacrimal bones?
Right at the lower medial corners of the orbits.
What goes through the naso-lacrimal canals?
The nasal cavities.
What is the hard palate?
The roof of the mouth
What bone forms the nasal septum?
What does septum mean?
Wall
What is the body of the mandible?
What goes through the mental foramen?
Nerves and blood vessels.
What does ramus mean?
“branch.
What is the condyloid process?
What forms the temporal-mandibular joint?
What is the coronoid process?
Where is the hyoid bone located?
What does the hyoid bone connect to?
What two things make up the vertebral arch?
Pedicles and laminae.
What is the spinous process?
Attaches ligaments and muscles
What goes through the vertebral foramen?
The spinal cord.
What is a laminectomy?
The removal of a part of the spine.
What are intervertebral foramina?
Spinal nerves branch off through here.
What goes through the intervertebral foramina?
Spinal nerves.
What three tissues make up the meninges?
Dura mater, Brachnoid, and Pia mater
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