Chapter 10 - The Jeffersonian Revolution and the Era of Good Feelings

Thomas Jefferson

• 1801 - Begins presidency
• ^^Achievements included Declaration of Independence + public schools + Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom + Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions + Louisiana Purchase + Lewis & Clark Expedition + Embargo Act + classical architecture^^
• Growth of the 2-party system
• Promoted a weak central gov’t
• Believed that slavery was the core of US’s problems

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Election of 1800

• 1800
• Jeffersonian Revolution
• The first peaceful transfer of ideological power based on election results
• Jefferson’s election led to the rejection of elite leadership of Federalists
• In the House of Representatives, Alexander Hamilton urged Federalists to vote for Jefferson (not Aaron Burr)

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Aaron Burr

• ^^VP under Jefferson^^
• Defeated for governor of NY (due to the intervention of Hamilton)
• 1804 - Killed Hamilton in a duel
• Suspected to be involved in the Burr Conspiracy, where he wanted to create a new, separate country

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Mosquito Fleet

• Jefferson reduced the size of army + sold many US Navy ships
• The Mosquito Fleet was made up of many small boats w/ minimal firepower

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Era of Good Feelings

• 1814-1824
• ^^Collapse of Federalists led to only Anti-Federalists in power^^
• Resulted in national unity

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Patronage

• Rewarding political supporters with jobs + contracts + favors
• Practiced by Madison + Monroe
• Corrupt

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Congressional Committee System

• Decision making mostly by president + cabinet
• ^^Jefferson reduced power of executive branch, leading the legislative branch to fill the power vacuum^^
• Committees review + introduce new legislation
• Still exists today

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Louisiana Purchase

• 1803
• The Haitian Revolution caused Napoleon to be less interested in America
• ^^After buying French land for $15 million, the size of the US doubled^^
• More cheap land benefitted yeoman farmers settling west

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Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Leader of the Haitian Revolution, a slave rebellion
• Created a precedent, as other nations broke away from European control in Central + South America

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Lewis and Clark Expedition

• 1804-1806 - Journey of Meriwether Lewis + William Clark into Louisiana territory (Corps of Discovery)
• ^^Formed friendly relations w/ Native Americans + discovered economic opportunities^^
• Found a river + land route to Pacific Ocean
• Resulted in more interest in westward expansion

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Sacagawea

• Symbolized rivalry between Native Americans tribes + the difficulties of European encroachment
• 1805 - Joined Corps of Discovery + provided assistance to Lewis & Clark

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Zebulon Pike

• An American brigadier general and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado was named
• ^^Explored West through Colorado into the Spanish territory that was later won by US in Mexican-American War^^

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Tecumseh

• 1791 - Attacked American military force
• 1811 - Worked with Prophet (brother) to form a confederacy of Native Americans against white expansion
• Battle of Tippecanoe
• In the War of 1812, he joined British military

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Battle of Tippecanoe

• 1811
• William Henry Harrison stopped Tecumseh’s raids
• British support for Native Americans decreased
• ^^Heightened tensions between Great Britain + US^^

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Tripolitan War

• Barbary Pirates of North Africa wanted bribes
• 1801 - Pasha of Tripoli declared war on US
• US Navy ended threat to American shipping

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Virginia Dynasty

• 4 of the first 5 presidents were from Virginia
• ^^Indirect support to slavery led to sectionalism among the states^^
• Many Jeffersonian Republicans led to New Englanders resenting their presidential bias

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Midnight Appointments

• 1801
• Federal judges put in office by John Adams on the last day of his term
• John Adams was scorned but provided balance in the fed. gov’t
• John Marshall was appointed as chief justice
• Supreme Court was established as equal member of 3 branches

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John Marshall

• 1801-1835 - Chief Justice of Supreme Court
• Declared that federal authority was greater than the power of Individuals + states
• ^^Judicial review^^ ^^stated that the Supreme Court determines whether or not something is constitutional^^

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Adam Smith

• 1776 - Wrote The Wealth of Nations
  • Believed in a supply + demand economy instead of mercantilism
  • People know how to produce wealth + make economic adjustments
  • The idea of the invisible hand, or laissez-faire, was that the government supports economic growth without interfering in it

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Marbury v. Madison

• 1803
• William Marbury was a Federalist midnight appointment judge
• James Madison denied to pay Marbury’s commission
• John Marshall stated that Marbury cannot bring the suit under strict construction
• ^^Judicial review determined that the Supreme Court is the final interpreter of Constitution^^

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McCulloch v. Maryland

• 1819
• Maryland tried to tax branch of the Bank of the United States
• John Marshall declared that a state cannot control fed. gov’t institutions (federal law > state law)
• Considered the elastic clause + implied powers

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Dartmouth College v. Woodward

• 1819
• New Hampshire wanted to change the original charter of Dartmouth College
• Daniel Webster defended Dartmouth
• ^^John Marshall declared that New Hampshire has no power to break charter (contract)^^
• Protecting all contracts in the future would aid businesses

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Gibbons v. Ogden

• 1824
• Emphasized a powerful fed. gov’t + the importance of interstate transportation & commerce
• New York tried to grant a monopoly on water transportation
• John Marshall declared that states don’t have power to control interstate commerce

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Judicial Review

• ^^The courts are vested with the authority to determine the legitimacy of the acts of the executive and the legislative branches of government^^
• Legacy of Marshall Court
• Centralized power in Washington

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BIG PICTURE

• Election of 1800 - Peaceful transition b/w Federalists + Democratic-Republicans
• Era of Good Feelings - 1-party rule + factionalism & political parties are natural
• Louisiana Purchase + Lewis & Clark - Westward expansion + exploration + settlement
• Westward migration → Clashes w/ NA + federal vs. state authority
• John Marshall - Judicial review

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