Cranium

1. Sagittal Suture

2. Parietal Bone

3. Mastoid Process

4. Occipital Condyle

5. External Occipital Protuberance

6. Superior Nuchal Line

7. Occipital Bone

8. Lambdoid Suture

1. coronal suture

2. parietal bone

3. temporal bone

4. lambdoid suture

5. squamous suture

6. occipital bone

7. mastoid process

8. styloid process

9. sphenoid bone

1. coronal suture

2. sagittal suture

3. lambdoid suture

1. anterior fontanelle

2. posterior fontanelle

3. parietal

4. coronal suture

5. lambdoid suture

_______________ should close by the age of 2

anterior fontanelle should close by the age of 2

_____________ should close by about 3-4 months of age

posterior fontanelle should close by about 3-4 months of age

1. anterior fontanelle

2. metopic suture

3. frontal

What is this condition called and what causes it?

Craniosynostosis → premature closure of cranial suture

Median longitudinal fissure

1. central sulcus

2. frontal lobe

3. temporal lobe

4. lateral sulcus

5. occipital lobe

6. parietal lobe

7. parieto-occipital notch 

what is lobe #5 called?

insula

1. medulla

2. midbrain

3. pons

what are the three layers of protective connective tissue that cover and protect the brain

1. dura mater (tough outer layer)

   • periosteal layer

   • meningeal layer

2. arachnoid mater (middle layer)

3. pia mater (delicate inner layer)

What is a bacterial infection of the meninges called?

bacterial meningitis 

falx cerebri

tentorium cerebelli 

falx cerebelli

What is the accumulation of blood in epidural space?

Epidural hematoma

What is the accululation of blood in subdural space that frequently leads to brain damage?

subdural hematoma

1. anterior cranial fossa

2. middle cranial fossa

3. posterior cranial fossa

What cranial nerves are in the anterior cranial fossa?

CN I and CN II

What space does CN II pass through?

Optic canal in lesser wing of sphenoid

1. foramen rotundum

2. sella turcica

3. foramen ovale

4. foramen spinosum

What nerve exits the foramen rotundum?

maxillary branch (V₂) of trigeminal nerve

What nerve exits the foramen ovale?

mandibular branch (V₃)  of trigeminal n. EXITS

What artery enters through the foramen spinosum?

middle meningeal artery

Which cranial nerves are in the middle cranial fossa?

1. CN III

2. CN IV

3. CN V → CN V₁, CN V₂, CN V₃

4. CN VI

   

What is the space through which CN III, IV, V₁, VI travel from middle cranial fossa into orbit?

Superior orbital fissure

What is this space called? 

Superior orbital fissure

1. Jugular Foramen

2. Foramen Magnum

3. Hypoglossal Canal

What passes throuh the jugular foramen?

• Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal Accessory nerves

• Internal Jugular vein EXIT

What passes through the foramen magnum?

• spinal cord

• vertebral arteries

• part of spinal accessory n. ENTER

What passes through the hypoglossal canal?

hypoglossal n. EXITS

What cranial nerves are in the posterior cranial fossa?

• CN VII

• CN VIII

• CN IX

• CN X

• CN XI

• CN XII

  

1. CN I

2. CN II

3. CN III, IV, VI, V₁

4. V₂

5. V₃

6. CN VII, VIII

7. CN IX, X, XI (out)

8. CN XII

9. XI (in)

10. Cribriform plate

11. optic canal

12. superior orbital fissue

13. foramen rotundum

14. foramen ovale

15. internal auditory meatus

16. jugular foramen

17. hypoglossal canal

18. foramen magnum

1. 3rd ventricle

2. foramen of monro

3. cerebral aqueduct

4. 4th ventricle

5. lateral ventricle

What does the choroid plexus secretes?

CSF

What is the flow of CSF through the ventricles?

1. Choroid Plexus (lateral)

2. interventricular foramen

3. 3rd ventricle

4. aqueduct

5. 4th ventricle

6. lateral aperture

7. central spinal canal 

What structure is responsible for returning CSF from the brain back into the vascular system?

Arachnoid villi (granulations)

What is the condition called when there is disturbed formation, flow, or absorption of CSF leading to increase volume in CNS during childhood?

Hydrocephaly

What blood vessels are external to the cranium?

• External carotid a.

• Vertebral aa.

• Internal Jugular v.

• Vetrebral vv.

  

What blood veseels are internal to the cranium?

• internal carotid aa.

• circle of willis

• vertebral aa.

• dural sinuses

What is a branch off the external carotid artery that supplies the dura and enters the cranium through the foramen spinosum?

middle meningeal artery

The circle of willis is an __________________, which is a circular connection of arteries located at the base of the brain

The circle of willis is an arterial anastomosis, which is a circular connection of arteries located at the base of the brain. 

1. internal carotid arteries

2. vertebral arteries

Blood enters the circle of willis from two main pairs of arteries:

• ________________, which enter the skull from the front of the neck and supply most of the anterior brain

• ________________, which travel through cervical vertebrae, join to form the basilar artery, and supply the posterior brain

Blood enters the circle of willis from two main pairs of arteries:

• Internal carotid arteries, which enter the skull from the front of the neck and supply most of the anterior brain

• Vertebral Arteries, which travel through cervical vertebrae, join to form the basilar artery, and supply the posterior brain

1. posterior cerebral

2. basilar

3. vertebral

4. cerebellar aa.

1. anterior communicating

2. anterior cerebral

3. middle cerebral

4. internal carotid

5. posterior communicating

What type of stroke is due to a blocked blood vessel?

Ischemic stroke

What type of stroke is due to a blood vessel bleed?

Hemorrhagic stroke

What is a bulging or ballooning of a blood vessel wall due to weakness in the vessel called?

Aneurysm (occur commonly in circle of willis)

Where does the most common stroke occur?

middle cerebral artery

1. superior sagittal sinus

2. straight sinus

3. confluence of sinuses

4. transverse sinus

5. sigmoid sinus

6. inferior sagittal sinus

7. cavernous sinus 

What passes through the Cavernous Sinus?

1. CN III

2. CN IV

3. internal carotid a.

4. CN VI

5. CN V₁

6. CN V₂