Anatomy- Axial skeleton The axial

the axial skeleton is divided into three parts

• skull

• vertebral column

• bony thorax

two sets of bones form the skull

• cranium bones-enclose the brain

• facial bones (hold eyes in position and allow facial muscles to express feelings)

• bones joined by sutures

• only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

8 cranial bones protect the brain

frontal bone

occipital bone

ethmoid bone

sphenoid bone

parietal bones

temporal bones

14 facial bones

maxillae

palatine bones

lacrimal bones

zygomatic bones

nasal bones

vomer bone

inferior nasal conchae

mandible

coronal suture

parietal bone

temporal bone

Lambdoid suture

squamous suture

occipital bone

zygomatic process

external acoustic meatus

mastoid process

styloid process

mandibular ramus

mental foramen

mandible

alveolar process

zygomatic bone

nasal bone

lacrimal bone

ethmoid bone

sphenoid bone

frontal bone

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, parital, occipital (coronal base)

internal acoustic meatus

foramen magnum

jugular foramen

foramen ovale

sella turcica

optic canal

cribriform plate and crista galli

maxilla (palatine process)

palatine bone (inferior)

zygomatic bone (inferior)

temporal bone ( zygomatic process) inferior

vomer (inferior)

mandibular process (inferior)

styloid process inferior

mastoid process inferior

temporal bone inferior

parietal bone inferior

occipital bone inferior

foramen magnum inferior

occipital condyle inferior

jugular foramen inferior

carotid canal

foramen ovale inferior

sphenoid bone (greater wing)

maxilla inferior

incisive fossa

paranasal sinuses

hollow portions of bone surrounding the nasal cavity

functions of paranasal sinuses

• lighten the skull

• amplify sounds made as we speak

sinus locations (FESM)

hyoid bone

• closely related to mandible and temporal bone

• the only bone that does not articulate with other bone

• serves as a movable base for tongue

• aids in swallowing and speech

vertebral column provides

axial support (extends for skull to pelvis)

how many vertebral discs

26 and they are separated by intervertebral discs

how many cervical vertebrae

7

how many thoracic vertebrae

12

how many lumbar vertebrae

5

primary curvatures of the spine

• spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions

• present from birth

• form a c-shape in newborns

secondary curvatures of spine

• spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions

• developed after birth

• form an s-shaped curvature in adults

atlas and axis vertebrae

thoracic vertebrae

lumbar vertebrae

thoracic cavity

bones of the shoulder girdle

• also called pectoral girdle

• two bones attach the upper limb to the axial skeletal (Clavicle and scapula)

• light, poorly reinforced girdle

• allows the upper limb exceptional flexibility

acromion of scapula

coracoid process

acromioclavicular joint

sternoclavicular joint

manubrium of sternum and xiphoid process

glenoid cavity

superior angle of scapula

spine of scapula

inferior angle of scapula

head of humerus

capitulum

trochlea

medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle

olecranon fossa

head of radius

radial styloid process

ulnar styloid process

olecranon of ulna

carpals of hand

ilium, pubis, ischium

sacrum and coccyx

iliac crest

sacroiliac joint

acetabulum

pubic symphysis

obturator foramen

pubic arch

false pelvis and true pelvis

head of femur

lateral and medial condyle

lateral and medial malleolus

distal, middle, proximal phalanges

tarsals labeled