Key people

Queen Elizabeth

• Encourage exploration and colonisation

• Expansion and establishment of overseas empire

• Established Protestant Church of England : solidify position as an official religion

• Policies protecting Protestant worship

• Policies suppressing Catholic influence

• Patronage of arts and her love of literature: created a natural, cultural renaissance

Martin Luther

• Martin Luther and his followers created split in Catholic Church

• Criticise Catholic Church for corruption through abusive power from pre-bishops and pope

• 1517 Publish 95 thesis sparking reformation

Oliver Cromwell

• Dissolved monarchy and formed Commonwealth: Republican government

• Established new model army: highly disciplined and professional helped win wars

• Persecution of Catholics: banned religious practices

Polydor Vergil

• Significant contributions to historical scholarship with his works

• Influenced historians and understanding, and making interpretations of the past

• Spread humanist ideas and promoting importance of studying ancient text

• Brought Italian humanist ideas and scholarship to England

• Influencing scholars and writers

• Contributed to the renaissance intellectual atmosphere

Hans Holbein or Anthony Dyck

• Development of baroque painting

• Loose brush, work and dramatic lighting

• Van Dyke served as a court painter to King Charles I

• Significant impact on English art

• Introduce grandiose and sophisticated style influencing painters

Emerging Protestantism

• Henry VIII Became head of church of England: monasteries and nunneries abolished

• Edward VI Changed England into a protestant country

• Mary I turned England back into a Catholic country

• Elizabeth I changed England fully protestant country where Pope had no power

Changes

Religion

• England became protestant country

• Europe still apart of Christendom

• Huguenots saw England as a place of safety

• Brought wealth and new ideas to England

Economic growth

• Global trading companies developed routes to Africa, Europe and India

• Privateering increased

• Merchants traded in wide range of goods

• Cloth trade dominated England’s prosperity

• Transatlantic slave trade began

Government

• Parliament past laws to encourage settlement

• New laws supported growth of trade and setting up of trading companies

• Jews allowed return by Oliver Cromwell and protectorate

Why did Huguenots migrate?

• Protestants who left France due to persecution of catholic authorities

• Seek refuge in Protestant England

• 1572 St Bartholomew’s Day massacre

• Revocation of Edict of Nantes: ended protection of religious freedom in France, which led to a forced movement of French Protestants

• After revocation Protestant services and business attacked

• Charles II offered denizen status

• Skilled craft workers and wanted to set up businesses and trade

• Had relatives who were successfully established in England

• Edward VI allowed French Protestant church to be founded in London

Why did Palatines migrate?

• 1709 Protestant Naturalisation Act - European protestants able to live in England with full civil rights if they swore loyalty to the crown (To attract wealthy businessman and skilled craftsman from Holland and France)

• Protestant farmers who left Germany in 1709, because of bad harvest, famine, poverty and war

• Wanted better life

• Many on their way to America encouraged by British owned Carolina company and funded by British government

• Very poor few skills apart from agriculture

• Persecuted by Roman Empire

Why did Indians migrate?

• Increase of trade took English people to India, where Indian people worked for English families

• Employed by East India Company

• Became lascars

• Ayahs (Nannies) Return to England with families they worked for and continued working for them

• Looking for better life: England offered better job opportunities

Why did Africans migrate?

• Forced out of Spain 1568 : a part of Muslim rebellion against the Spanish Catholic government

• Had been enslaved but escaped and fled to England

• Enslaved Africans brought by English owners: Forced migration

• Worked for ordinary people and monarchs (paid equally)

Why did Jews migrate?

• Some Jews remained in England even after 1290 expulsion but outwardly converted to Christianity, however privately followed Judaism

• Anti-Semitism in Europe

• English economy was weak, allowing Jews to return would encourage successful Jewish merchants to migrate

• Expertise could strengthen English economy

• 1656 Oliver Cromwell allowed Jews to return

Why did Gypsies migrate?

• Nomadic people travelled throughout England and Europe

• Known as vagrants and beggars Governments passed laws to make them stay in one place

• Ignored laws and hanged as punishment

• 1650s government transported Romani people into slavery

What did Huguenots experience?

• Range of skills found work easily and prospered

• Worked with relatives and friends already established

• Set up own businesses

• Few were desperately poor: some took to petty crime

• 1517 Riots by people who resented foreigners: Accused of undercutting pay

• Accepted by Weavers guild: willing to teach skills

• Huguenot churches help build tolerance keep culture strong

• Accepted into society due to their church, going habits: clear Protestant and work ethic

• Offered denizen by King Charles II

• Master Weavers controlled silk industry

What did the Palatines experience?

• Welcome to buy government

• Very few skills, few found labouring work

• Most relied on charities to live

• No friends or relatives in England

• Government no longer willing to fund immigration to America

• Government deported thousands to Ireland to work on land

• Irish land: poor quality, not enough crops to support families

• Hated by Catholic in Ireland deported back to England

• Many sailed to America most of them died due to typhoid and immigrant hating mobs

What did the Jews experience?

• Settled in London where they were given permission to open a synagogue

• Worked mainly as bankers, doctors, scholars and jewellers

• Poor Jews began to migrate from Eastern Europe and settled at arrival port working as dockers, traders and pawnbrokers

• Poor and destitute, Jews looked after by own communities

• Jews, forbidden to serve an army work as lawyers or attend universities

• Existing anti-Semitism described as thieves and scoundrels in popular songs and pamphlets

What did the Indians experience?

• Ayahs depended on employees

• When children grew up, Ayahs either passed on to wealthy English families or abandoned

• Abandoned destitute by shipping companies

• Lascars Settled in ports of London, Liverpool, Glasgow and Cardiff worked on docks: Life of hard labour

What did the Africans experience?

• Brought back to England as servants

• Worked as servants to wealthy

• Fashionable for English people to have black servant children

• Africans employed for skilled jobs paid, same wages as others

• Respected and equal members of society

• Some black African migrants became wealthy

• Runaway from masters because of bad treatment

What impact did the Huguenots have?

• Invested in Sheffield steel industry

• Started English paper industry

• Cloth trade boosted by skilled Huguenot Silk weavers cloth exports 20 x greater

• First governor of the Bank of England was Huguenot

• New techniques in fashion industry

• Help to bring tolerance through church going habits

• Establish London as major financial centre

What impact did Palatines have?

• Britain’s first refugee camp

What impact did Jews have?

• Jewish traders worked on England’s sports, helped the growth of Britain’s Maritime Empire

• Jewish financial invested in businesses: enabling economic growth

• Helped London turn into a major financial centre

• Jewish had contracts to supply army with equipment

What impact did Indians have?

• Indian textiles calico and chintz

• Expanded British textile industry and fashion trends

What impact did Africans have?

• Contribute to economic growth

• Development of European colonies in America: transatlantic slave trade

Case study - Sandwich and Canterbury

Why did Flemish and Walloon migrate?

• Towns were poor

• Edward III Invited strangers to live and work in England

• 1561 Sandwich needed men of knowledge to boost the economy and new businesses to build its trade

• Elizabeth I’s Council agreed invite Flemish Weavers their skills improved town life

• Fled Catholic persecution

• Contributed to local economy: skilfull

What did Flemish Weavers experience?

• Sold high quality cloth: Prosperous money

• Given St Peters Church: enabled them to worship their own way

• Original residents complain ‘stealing jobs’ tensions rise

• Unable to work in desired sectors conformed to ‘fishing’ and ‘weaving’ industries

• Very successful settlements

What did Walloon Weavers experience?

• City authorities gave 100 empty houses to Walloons

• Given disused monastery

• Walloons Converted monastery buildings into churches, schools, a weavers hall and a market

• Walloons had 12 elders who set rules and kept order in the community, worked closely with local authorities

• Walloon Weavers very successful: produced high-quality cloth

• Increasing Walloon migrants in Canterbury population

• Became rich and built own houses and workshops

What impacts did Flemish Weavers have?

• Help towns prosper

• Master Weavers made quality goods

• Introduced celery

What impacts did Walloon Weavers have?

• Develops new trades like silk dying and diamond cutting

• Increasing Walloon migrants in Canterbury population

Timeline - flemish Weavers in Sandwich

1561 - Officials in town of Sandwich worried about towns, declining prosperity got permission from Elizabeth I’s Council to invite Flemish Weavers sandwich they were to work in only weaving or fishing industries

1561 - Flemish Weavers began to arrive in sandwich high-quality wollen broadcloth sold well in twice weekly town market. They were given Saint Peters church so could worship in their own way

1569 - People in Sandwich begin to complain, Flemish were taking their jobs. Officials ruled that migrants only work in trades, weaving and fishing. No Englishman were to be found to do the work.

1582 - Over 1500 Flemish weavers in Sandwich, almost half of town population. Appealed to Elizabeth I’s council saying Sandwich officials unfair: don’t care Sandwich gave permission to move and work elsewhere

Case study - The experience of the Huguenots

Why did Huguenots migrate in Spitalfields and Soho?

• Settled in Spitalfields because housing was cheap

• Plan to invest in silk weaving industry in Spittlefields

• Relatives already settled in England

What did Huguenots experience in Spitalfields and Soho?

• Extremely wealthy

• Huguenots in Spitalfields were skilled businessmen

• Spitalfields located outside the city of London: weavers free from rules of guilds

• Opportunity to experiment with sorts of cloth

• Kept their own cultural identity: Language

• Allowed to build own churches

• Links between churches helped Huguenots help anyone fallen on hard times

• Accepted into English society due to protestant values

• Charles offered Huguenots denizen status

• 1708 Foreign Protestant Nationality Act - Allowed more security

• Declarations stating to help and assist Huguenots in settling

• £64,000 raised to help Huguenots settle

• English Weavers complained Huguenots taking away their jobs

• Tensions diffused as Huguenots offered to teach skills

What impact did Huguenots have?

• Large numbers of workshops built employed hundreds of weavers

• England’s production of silk fabrics increase 20x

• Adapted old houses and built new houses

• Helped develop Huguenot tolerance