Federalist and Republican Mudslingers

• Jefferson became the victim of 1 of America’s first “whispering campaigns”

• Federalists accused Jefferson of having an affair with one of his slaves

The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"

• Jefferson beat Adams in the election of 1800, 73 to 65 electoral votes

• The Revolution of 1800 was the term given to the election of 1800

  • A Federalist didn’t become president after the election fo 1800

Responsibility Breeds Moderation

• Jefferson dismissed few public servants for political reasons, unlike his predecessors

Jeffersonian Restraint

• Jeffferson pardoned prisoners of the Sedition Acts

• Naturalization Law of 1802 lowered the requirement of 14 years of U.S. residence to 5 years

• Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson had the belief that a national debt wasn’t a blessing and thus reduced the national debt

The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary

• Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed by the expiring Federalist Congress

  • It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices

• The new Republican-Democratic Congress repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 and kicked out the 16 newly seated judges with Chief Justice John Marshall, being the exception

• Chief Justice John Marshall served under presidents including Jefferson and others for 34 years with him shaping American legal tradition more than any other person

• James Madison was the New Secretary of State

• Marbury vs. Madison (1803): Marbury sued Madison for cutting his salary, the court ruled that Marbury had the right to his pay with the court not having the authority to force Madison to give Marbury his pay

  • Marbury vs. Madison showed that the Supreme Court had final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution

Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior

• Jefferson wanted to make the military smaller but was forced to change his original thoughts of not using military force when the leader of Tripoli informally declared war on the U.S.

• Jefferson sent the new navy to Tripoli (after 4 years of war, a deal was made)

• U.S. paid Tripoli $60,000 for the release of captured Americans

The Louisiana Godsend

• Napoleon Bonaparte convinced the King of Spain to give the Louisiana land to France in 1800

• Wishing to avoid a fight with France in western America, Jefferson sent Monroe to join Livingston in Paris to buy as much land as he could for $10 million

  • Napoleon sold all of Louisiana and abandoned his dream of a New World Empire due to him failing to reconquer the island of Santo Domingo and due to Britain controlling the seas

• Livingston, along with Monroe negotiated for the Louisiana territory and signed a treaty in April of 1803, which ceded Louisiana to the U.S. for $15 million with this being known as the Louisiana Purchase
  

Louisiana in the Long View

• Jefferson sent his personal secretary, Lewis alongside a military officer, Clark to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase

The Aaron Burr Conspiracies

• Aaron Burr was Jefferson’s first-term Vice President

  • Burr was dropped from Jefferson’s cabinet and then joined a group of extremist Federalists who were plotting the secession of New England and New York

• Hamilton uncovered Burr’s plot leading to Burr challenging Hamilton to a duel

  • In the duel, Hamilton refused to shoot, and was killed by Burr

• James Wilkinson was a corrupt military governor in the Louisiana Territory

A Precarious Neutrality

• Jefferson was reelected in 1804: 162 electoral votes to 14

• England had power over the seas and France had power over land

• The Chesapeake Affair consisted of a royal ship attacking the U.S. frigate (Chesapeake) after Americans refused to return four alleged British deserters

The Hated Embargo

• Jefferson passed the Embargo Act in 1807

  • The act banned exportation of any goods to any countries

• The embargo hurt the profits of U.S. merchants and was therefore, hated by Americans and was repealed in 1809 and a substitute act was put in place

• The Substitute Act was the Non-Intercourse Act which opened up trade to every country besides France and Britain

• Embargo failed due to Jefferson overestimating the dependence of Britain on France on American trade

Madison's Gamble

• James Madison became president on March 4, 1809

• Macon’s Bill No. 2 reopened American trade with the entire world

  • It had a clause stating that if Britain and France repealed its commercial restrictions, then the U.S. would end up reinstating its trading embargo against the country that was non-repealing, with this ultimately leading to the War of 1812

Tecumseh and the Prophet

• The Twelfth Congress met in 1811

• “War Hawks” wanted to go to war with Britain and wished to eliminate the Indian threat to pioneers

  • Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa were Shawnee brothers who unified many Indian tribes in a battle with the settlers (they allied with the British)

  • Henry Harrison defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of Tippecanoe

Mr. Madison's War

• Madison asked Congress to declare war on British on June 1, 1812 and Congress agreed

• Democratic-Republicans who supported the war (“war hawks”) felt that the country had to assert American rights to the world and they wanted to invade Canada (Indian stronghold) because Indians were being armed by British to attack the settlers

• Federalists were in opposition of the Democratic-Republiancs because they supported Britain