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What is cynicism?
a greek philosophy in which people found happiness in simplicity and followed natural instincts. some lived, ate, and used the bathroom on the streets and were nicknamed dogs, hence the word cynic which is greek for dog
What is stoicism?
a greek philosophy founded by Zeno, and was taught in the painted stoa. believed that life should be spent in pursuit if wisdom and virtue that’s found in the divine logos. big on the brotherhood of man.
What is epicureanism?
a greek philosophy founded by epicurus, who taught in a private garden and taught withdrawal from public life. He taught the atomistic theory that the gods play no role in life, and that the purpose of life is to avoid pain and pursue pleasure, which appealed to upper classes
What was Isis’s key beliefs and influence?
from egypt and promised eternal life through good behavior, appealed mostly to women and Isis was considered to be the “mother of ten thousand names” and had a consort named Serapis.
What was Mithras’ key beliefs and influence?
religion dominated by men and roman soldiers, was the persain god of light and truth and promised eternal life. bull sacrifices were common and new members were initiated by the blood of the bull
What happened in 70 AD which affected the early church?
destruction of the temple
How did the early church finally triumph over the pagan culture?
Martyrs, care for the poor, care for the sick, care for children
What is a martyr?
Someone who dies for his/her faith
What is an apologist?
Someone who defends a belief, often in writing
What is another name for the eastern roman empire?
Byzantine empire or Byzantium
Who was Constantine the great and why was he important?
the son of a roman pagan leader who rebuilt Byzantium and changed it to Constantinople, as well as helping rebuild christian churchs
Who was St. Helena?
Constantine’s mother who influenced him into being a christian, helped Constantine rebuild the destroyed churches from the reign of Diocletian.
Who won the battle of the Milivan bridge?
Constantine
What symbol did Constantine use for the battle?
Chi Rho
How did Christianity change under the reign of Constantine?
it was declared legal again and was built back up
What was the Edict of Milan?
A law passed in 313 AD to legalize christianity
What was the Council of Nicene and why was it important?
a council called by constantine to settle questions about the nature of christ. arian was condemned as a heretic, and Christ was coequal with God and not created
Why was Justinian an important Byzantine ruler?
He ruled during the height of Byzantine power, built the Hagia Sophia, and created the code of Justinian
What stopped Justinian from reuniting the roman empire?
Plague and armies
Who were the Franks?
a germanic tribe that conquered the former roman province of Gaul under the leader Clovis.
Who was Clovis?
Leader of the kingdom of franks and conquered Gaul which later became France. converted to christianity and preserved aspects of the Roman legacy in Gaul
Who was Charles Martel?
aka “the hammer”, he stopped muslim armies in France at the battle of Tours
Who was Charlemagne?
the grandson of Charles Martel who controlled modern day France, Germany and parts of Italy. He revived latin learning, made his capital in Aachen, set up a palace school and a strong centeralized government
What happened on Christmas day 800 AD?
Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the Holy Roman empire by Pope Leo III
What happened at the battle of Tours in 732 AD?
The Battle of Tours was fought in 732 AD between the Frankish and Islamic armies. The Frankish army, led by Charles Martel, defeated the Islamic army, which stopped the Muslim advance into Europe.
What was the Carolingian renaisssance?
A period of intellectual and cultural revival in the Frankish Empire during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical texts, art, and architecture, and the establishment of schools and monasteries. It was led by Charlemagne and aimed to promote education and literacy throughout the empire.
Who is the greatest and last prophet in Islam?
Muhammed
Where did Islam originate and what are its holy cities?
Originated in Mecca, holy cities are Medina, Mecca, and Jerusalem
Why is Mecca important to Muslims?
Mecca, Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Prophet Muhammad and the site of the Kaaba. Muslims face towards it during daily prayers and perform the Hajj pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime.
What are the 5 pillars of Islam and their purposes?
FAITH (only one God, and Muhammad is his prophet)
PRAY (5 times a day towards Mecca)
FASTING(sunrise-sunset during Ramadan)
ALMS(giving money to the poor)
HAJJ (pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime if able)
Why is the year 622 A.D important to muslims?
That is the year that Muhammed’s wife and cousin Ali belive what he is saying and follow him to Medina to become their leader
What is Hajj?
the pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime if able to
What is Hijra?
Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina
What is a mosque?
A place of worship for Muslims. It is a building where Muslims gather to pray and perform religious rituals. It is also a center for community activities, education, and social gatherings.
What is the Quran?
the holy book of Islam
What is the Kaaba?
the most sacred muslim pilgrim shrine, a cube-shaped building in Mecca
What is Ramadan?
A holy month in Islam where Muslims fast from dawn to sunset, refrain from sinful behavior, and devote themselves to prayer and charity.
What is Mecca?
the birthplace of Muhammad and the spiritual center of Islam
What is Medina?
the second most holy place
What is the Dome of the Rock?
Located in Jerusalem, is the third most holy place, and the place where Muhammed ascended to heaven
What is jihad?
to struggle in the path of God, or fight for Islam
What are the differences between Sunni and Shia muslims?
Shia- believed only a descendent of Muhammad could lead them, and has only 10% of the worlds muslims
Sunni- anyone from Muhammad’s tribe could lead and look to a caliph who leads the government, followed by the majority of muslims
What are the similarities between Sunni and Shia muslims?
Both Sunni and Shia Muslims believe in the oneness of Allah, the prophethood of Muhammad, and the importance of the Quran. They also share similar religious practices such as prayer, fasting, and charity. Additionally, they both hold the pilgrimage to Mecca as a significant aspect of their faith.
What was the Umayyad Empire and how did it end?
an empire created by a meccan family that is located in Damascus in Spain. ended in france by Charles Martel
What was the Abbasid empire and how did it end?
empire that revolted against the arab dominace and created a new dynasty that allowed non-arabs to hold power and had a good burecracy. capital was in baghdad and exceeded Constaninople in size and wealth. ended by the mongols and baghdad was burned and looted.
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