Cicero November Assesssment

dēlectō, dēlectāre, dēlectāvī, dēlectātum

to delight, please, charm

coniūrātiō, coniūrātiōnis, f.

conspiracy, plot

perditus, -a, -um

ruined, depraved, abandoned

turpitūdō, turpitūdinis, f.

disgrace, shameful conduct, baseness

inūrō, inūrere, inussī, inustum

to brand, burn in

dēdecus, dēdecoris, n.

disgrace, dishonor, infamy

libīdō, libīdinis, f.

lust, desire, caprice

facinus, facinoris, n.

crime, deed, outrage

flagitium, flagitiī, n.

disgraceful act, shameful deed, scandal

corrūptēla, corrūptēlae, f.

seduction, corruption

inlecebrа, inlecebrae, f.

enticement, allurement

inretiō, inretīre, inretīvī, inretītum

to ensnare, entangle

audācia, audāciae, f.

boldness, audacity, recklessness

fax, facis, f.

torch, firebrand

praeferō, praeferre, praetulī, praelātum

to carry before, prefer, display

vacuefaciō, vacuefacere, vacuefēcī, vacuefactum

to empty, make vacant

cumulō, cumulāre, cumulāvī, cumulātum

to heap up, accumulate, crown

praetermittō, praetermittere, praetermīsī, praetermissum

to let pass, omit, pass over

immānitās, immānitātis, f.

enormity, monstrousness

vindicō, vindicāre, vindicāvī, vindicātum

to punish, avenge, claim

impendō, impendere, impendī

to hang over, threaten, impend

salūs, salūtis, f.

safety, welfare, salvation (note: different sense than 'greeting')

contumēlia, contumēliae, f.

insult, affront, abuse

tacitūrnitās, tacitūrnitātātis, f.

silence (esp. collective silence)

subsellium, subsellī(i), n.

bench, seat (in the senate)

parricīdium, parricīdī(i), n.

murder (esp. of parent/close relative), treason

vexātiō, vexātiōnis, f.

harassing, harassment, trouble

dīreptiō, dīreptiōnis, f.

plundering, pillaging

perfringō, perfringere, perfrēgī, perfrāctum

to break through, shatter

impertō, impertrāre, impertrāvī, impertrātum

to obtain (by request), prevail upon

repudiō, repudiāre, repudiāvī, repudiātum

to reject, refuse, cast off

in custōdiam dēdistī

you placed yourself under guard

aequō animō

with calm mind, calmly, patiently

mandāre fugae

to consign to flight, commit to exile

ad portās prōsequantur

escort (you) to the gates

tempestās invidiae

storm of unpopularity/hatred

in praesēns tempus

for the present time, for now

ut saepe iam dīxī

as I have often already said

Forum Aurēlium

the Aurelian Forum (a place on the Via Aurelia)

iacēre humī

to lie on the ground

exsul potius quam cōnsul

as an exile rather than as consul

Anaphora

Repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses, creating emphasis through repetition (e.g., 'Veni, vidi, vici' - 'I came, I saw, I conquered').

Anadiplosis

Repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the next clause, creating a chain-like progression of thought.

Apostrophe

Addressing an absent person, abstract concept, or inanimate object as if it were present and capable of responding (e.g., 'O Fortune, why do you mock me?').

Aposiopesis

Sudden breaking off of speech, leaving a thought deliberately incomplete, often indicating overwhelming emotion or reluctance (e.g., 'If you don't stop that noise, I'll…').

Asyndeton

Deliberate omission of conjunctions between coordinating clauses, creating a rapid, emphatic rhythm (e.g., 'Veni, vidi, vici').

Chiasmus

Reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases without repeating the same words, creating an X-pattern of ideas (e.g., 'Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country').

Conduplicatio

a type of repetition, where a key word or phrase from one sentence or clause is repeated at or near the beginning of the next, creating a rhythmic emphasis and linking related ideas.

Diacope

Repetition of a word or phrase with one or more words in between, intensifying emotional appeal (e.g., 'Bond, James Bond').

Enjambment

Continuation of a sentence or clause across line boundaries in poetry, creating momentum and tension between lines.

Epistrophe

Repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses, creating rhythm and emphasis (opposite of anaphora) (e.g., "of the people, by the people, for the people").

Ekphrasis

Vivid, detailed description of a visual work of art or scene, bringing it to life through language (e.g., detailed descriptions of shield designs in Latin epic poetry).

Hendiadys

Expression of a single complex idea using two nouns connected by "and" instead of a noun and modifier, adding emphasis (e.g., "sound and fury" instead of "furious sound").

Hypallage

Transfer of an epithet from its proper subject to another word in the sentence, creating unexpected associations (e.g., "Cicero spoke with a learned voice" instead of "the learned Cicero spoke").

Hyperbaton

Deviation from normal word order for emphasis, especially common in Latin due to its inflected nature.

Hyperbole

Deliberate exaggeration for emphasis or effect, not meant to be taken literally (e.g., "I've told you a thousand times").

Hysteron Proteron

Inverting the natural chronological order of events, putting what would normally come last first ("let us die and rush into the fray").

Litotes

Emphasizing something by stating its negative opposite, often creating understatement (e.g., "non ignoro" - "I am not unaware" instead of "I know").

Metaphor

Implied comparison between two unlike things without using "like" or "as," suggesting one thing is another (e.g., "All the world's a stage").

Metonymy

Substitution of the name of an attribute or associated thing for the thing itself (e.g., "The toga spoke" to mean "The Roman senator spoke").

Onomatopoeia

Words that phonetically imitate the sound they describe (e.g., "murmur," "susurrus" in Latin poetry).

Oxymoron

Combination of contradictory terms for rhetorical effect (e.g., "festina lente" - "make haste slowly").

Personification

Attribution of human qualities to inanimate objects, abstract ideas, or animals (e.g., "Fortune smiles upon us").

Pleonasm

Use of more words than necessary to express meaning, often for emphasis (e.g., "I saw it with my own eyes").

Polysyndeton

Deliberate use of many conjunctions, especially where they might be omitted, slowing rhythm for emphasis (e.g., "et terra et mare et caelum" - "and land, and sea, and sky").

Prolepsis

Anticipation of an objection or outcome before it has occurred; also can refer to the use of a descriptive word before the action it describes has taken place.

Rhetorical Question

Question asked for effect, not requiring an answer, often to emphasize a point (e.g., "Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra?" - "How long, Catiline, will you abuse our patience?").

Simile

Explicit comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as" (e.g., "fortis velut leonellus" - "brave like a little lion").

Synchesis

Interlocked word order, especially in Latin poetry, where adjectives and nouns are purposefully separated and interwoven (e.g., "magna [A] mea [B] cum [C] laude [D]" where A modifies D and B modifies C).

Topographia

Detailed description of a place, creating a vivid mental image for rhetorical effect (common in Latin epic poetry).

Tmesis

Separation of parts of a compound word by inserting another word between them (e.g., "quae me cumque vocant terrae" instead of "quaecumque").

Transferred Epithet

Attributing a description to something other than what it actually modifies (e.g., "anxious bench" when it's the person sitting who is anxious).

Zeugma (as Syllepsis)

Using a single verb to govern multiple nouns or clauses, where the verb has different senses with each (e.g., "She broke his heart and his window").

Praeteritio

Emphasizing something by claiming to pass over it without discussion (e.g., "I will not mention Caesar's avarice" while actually mentioning it).

Epizeuxis

Repetition of a word or phrase three times with very little intervening. (e.g., "row, row, row your boat").

anaphora

X…X…X…

epistrophe

…X…X…X

symploce

X…YX…YX…Y

anadiplosis

…XX…

conduplicatio

…X…X…

epanalepsis

X…X