the generation of ( ), ( ), and ( ), occurs in the 3rd week after fertilization
trilaminar disk, notochord, neural plate
at around 18 days, the ( ) is stuffed with cells to form a mature notochord.
notochordial process
what are the 3 roles of the notochord?
determine the central axis induce neurogenesis induce floor plate
when is the neural crest formed?
end of the 3rd week.
how is the neural crest formed?
the rostal and caudal neuropores close
notochord differentiates the ectoderm into...
neural tube
the notochord differentiates the somite into...
skeletal muscles and bones
the somite is filled with...
paraxial mesoderm
in the neural tube, neural cells on the ( ) side divide.
luminal
nervous cells outside the neural tube are derived from the...
neural crest
nervous cells in the neural tube develop into...
CNS
neural crest develops into...
schwann cells melanocytes adrenal medulla
the dorsal part of the neural tube is called the ( ) plate.
roof
the ventral part of the neural tube is called the ( ) plate
floor
the central canal is covered with....
ependymal monolayer cells
the 3 layers of the neural tube from inner to outer:
ventricular, intermediate, marginal
the 4 plates of the neural tube, from dorsal to ventral
roof, alar, basal, floor
the basal plate matures into the ( ) horn. the floor plate matures into the ( ) horn.
ventral, dorsal
an ectopic Shh expression leads to the expression of
an extra floor plate
BMPs are secreted from ( ) side of neural tube
dorsal
Shh are secreted from ( ) side of neural tube
ventral
the roof plate secretes...
BMP and Wnt
( ) is the ansence of brain due to the incomplete closure of ( ) neuropore
meroencephaly, rostal
meningomyelocele is due to the incomplete closure of ( ) neuropore
caudal
the proencephalon first differentiates into...
telencephalon and diencephalon
the mesencephalon becomes ...
midbrain
the rhombencephalon differentiates into...
metencephalon and myelenephalon
the telencephalon becomes...
cerebrum
the diencephalon becomes...
thalamus, hypothalamus, (epithalamus)
the metencephalon becomes..
pons and cerebellum
the myelencephalon becomes...
the medulla oblongata
what are the 3 flexures formed in the neural tube?
cephalic, cervical, pontine
at 6-8 weeks, the ( ) is formed int eh metencephalon, which later becomes the cerebellum
rhombic lip
during neuronal migration, the inside is ( ) and outside is ( )
early, late
the neurons divide in the ( ) layer of the neural tube, then migrate to the ( ) layer
ventricular, plial
the 3 steps of propagation of neurons
extension of leading movement of nucleus retraction of rear process
what is reelin?
glycoprotein secreted from the extrecellular matrix that regulates neuronal migration
what is the cause of lissencephaly?
due to a defect in cell migration, which leads to inverted layer formation
up the the 3rd week, rathke's pouch grows dorsally to the ( )
infundibulum
what happens to rathke's pouch after 2 months?
it loses connection with the oral cavity but stays close with the infundum
the optic vesicles and optic cup induces ( ) from the surface ectoderm
lens placode
at 3 weeks the optic ( ) has formed
groove
the optic groove comes in contact with the ( ) to induce differentiation
surface ectoderm
the optic cup is formed when the ( ) invaginates
optic vesicle
the inner layer of the optic cup forms the ( )
retina
the outer layer of the optic cup forms...
choroid and retinal pigment epithelium
function of PAX-6
regulation of eye development
the optic placode comes from the surface ectoderm of the ( )
hindbrain
the optic placode invaginates to form...
optic pit, optic vesicle
the inner ear is derived from
optic pit and optic vesicle
the middle ear is derived from...
endodermal 1st pharyngeal pouch
the mallues and incus derives from the ( ), but the stapes derives from ( ).
1st pharyngeal arch, 2nd pharyngeal arch
the 1st pharyngeal pouch develops into the auditory tube, then it becomes...
tympanic cavity
the 1st pharyngeal groove develops into the external ( ), when them becomes the external ear
acoustic meatus
the auricle (visible part of ear) is derived from...
auricular hillock
2 origins of the skull?
mesoderm neural crest (ectoderm)
head regions rostal to the rathke's pouch has no components derived from ( ).
mesoderm
head regions anterior to the pituitary gland are derived form ( )
neural crest
head regions posterior to the pituitary gland are derived from ( )
paraxial mesoderm