AP Psych - Unit 7 Key Terms

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and unlearned

Physiological Need

a basic bodily requirement

Homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s pyramid of human need, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low we feel hunger

Set Point

the point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine combine to restore lost weight

Basal Metabolic Rate

the body’s resting rate of energy output

Ghrelin

appetite increasing hormone secreted by the empty stomach; sends “i’m hungry” signals to the brain

Orexin

appetite increasing hormone that triggers hunger in the hypothalamus

Insulin

appetite decreasing hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls blood glucose

Leptin

protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

PYY

appetite decreasing hormone secreted by the digestive tract; sends “i’m not hungry” signals the the brain

Obesity

a body mass index(BMI) measurement of 30 or higher

Asexual

having no sexual attraction to others

Estrogens

sex hormones that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than males

Sexual Response Cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by William Masters and Virginia Johnson; excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Refractory Period

a resting period that occurs after orgasm, in which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

Affiliation Need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

Ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Narcissism

excessive self-love and self-asorbtion

Grit

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Achievement Motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

Emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving

(1) physiological arousal,

(2) expressive behaviors, and

(3) conscious experience

James-Lange Theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus —> arousal —> emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Two-Factor Theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

Polygraph

a machine used used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion

Facial Feedback Effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

Behavior Feedback Effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

Stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

General Adaptation System

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Tend-and-Befriend Response

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

Health Psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

Psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psycholoigcal, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Coronary Heart Disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally-aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing relaxed people

Catharsis

in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

Positive Psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals if discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Subjective Well-Being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people’s quality of life

Adaption-Level Phenomenon

our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Relative Deprivation

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Personality

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Psychodynamic Theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Psychoanalysis

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

Free Association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarassing

ID

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates in the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Ego

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represent internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Psychosexual Stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Oedipus Complex

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

Fixation

in psychoanalytic theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Defense Mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

Projective Test

a personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Rorschach Inkblot Test

the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Terror-Management Theory

a theory of death-related anxiety; exploores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

Humanistic Theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must be first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Self-Actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

Self-Transcendence

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

Unconditional Positive Regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Self-Concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

Trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer-reports

Personality Inventory

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed t gauge a wide range of feeling and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically tested of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes

Empirically Derived Test

a test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups

Social-Cognitive Perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context

Behavioral Approach

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

Reciprocal Determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of out thoughts, feelings, and actions

Spotlight Effect

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Self-Esteem

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

Self-Efficacy

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

Self-Serving Bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Individualism

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Collectivism

giving priority to the goal’s of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly