Global History Regents (copy)

Napoleon Bonaparte

The ruler who came into power at the end of the French Revolution who expanded France territory.

He made French people feel pride in their country (nationalism).

Napoleon was then defeated in 1812 for invading Russia during the winter which resulted in the death of his soldiers.

Rousseau

Society is a social contract (Agreement amongst everyone to ensure that theyll work for the greater good)

Enlightened Despots

European kings and queens who believed in Enlightenment ideas and ruled by their principles

Declaration of the Rights of Man

This document gave equal rights to the men of France and created a fair system of taxation

Reign of Terror

The leaders of the French Revolution executed thousands of people that were loyal to the king. The Jacobins (extreme group) led this event and Robespierre was the leader.

Haiti’s Social Class Division

grand blancs, petit blancs, free black people, enslaved people

Boukman Rebellion 1791

slave revolt led by Dutty Boukman, eventually becoming a revolution

Toussaint LOuverture (black Napoleon)

leader of Haitian revolution & military strategist

Industrial Revolution

The change of producing goods by hands to producing goods with machines in factories. It began in Great Britain because there was many natural resources such as coal, iron, tin, lead, and waterways. This led to bad working conditions, formation of the labor union, and laws banning child labor and setting a minimum wage.

Formation of Labor Union

Workers formed labor unions that fought to improve the pay & working conditions of workers

Laissez Faire Capitalism (Market Economy)

This was the economical system used during the industrial revolution based on the ideas that businesses and factories should be owned by individuals instead of the government and the price and decisions should be made by the individuals

Nationalism

Pride for your country. Usually develops in areas where people share a common language, culture, and history.

Unification of Italy

Italy combined their separate states into one nation in 1870

Bad working conditions

Workers in factories worked in risky conditions for a long period of time and low pay

Unification of Germany

Germany combined their separate states into one nation in 1871, all thanks to Otto von Bizmarck who used the "blood and iron" policy to unify German lands.

"White mans Burden"

This racist poem encouraged Europeans to civilize the people they conquered by westernizing them

Social Darwinism

It was natural for powerful countries to take over weaker countries

Scramble for Africa

Over 90% of Africa was conquered by western countries

Imperialism in China

The British began to smuggle opium into China, causing China to fight back in the Opium war where they lost and were forced to open up trade markets that were controlled by different European nations

Imperialism in India

India was taken over by Great Britain and ruled for almost 200 years

Sepoy (Indian soldiers in the British army) Mutiny

Rebellion where India tried to gain independence but failed

Japanese imperialism

Japan took over Korea and part of China for natural resources

World War I

Global Military Conflict fought in Europe

Militarism (WWI)

Countries in Europe built up their armies and their supplies in the late 1800s

Alliances (WWI)

Countries in Europe divided themselves into two military alliances (The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente) to prepare for war in Europe

Imperialism (WWI)

Europeans countries competed with each other for colonies in Africa and Asia and the Balkans (Southeastern Europe)

Nationalism (WWI)

Ethnic groups in the Balkans wanted independence from Austria-Hungary and they were willing to fight for it

Treaty of Versailles

This treaty ensured the end of WWI and punished Germany in multiple ways. Germany was forced to accept blame for causing WWI, pay reparations, reduce the size of its military, and forced to give up some of their colonies.

Czar Nicholas II

He abused his power by denying the rights of the people

Bolsheviks

They were a radical group that lead the Russian Revolution. The leader was Vladimir Lenin and they gained support of the Russians by promising to provide “Peace, Land, and Bread.” This meant that Russia would be removed from WW1, given land, and be feed.

Censorship

Dictators ended freedom of speech, and the governments controlled the media of their nation

Stalins political party

The Communists

Mussolinis political party

The Fascists

Hitlers political party

The Nazis

Five-Year Plan

Stalin tried to modernize the industry and agriculture by setting economic goals every five years

Collectivization

Stalin took over individual farms (private property) and forced people to live on collective farms (large farms) owned by the government

Rape of Nanking

The Japanese raped and killed Chinese civilians in Nanking city

Italian Aggression during WW2

Benito Mussolini of Italy invaded and took over Ethiopia

Germany Aggression during WW2

Adolf Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by building up Germany’s military, placing soldiers in Rhineland (Area between Germany and France) and taking over the neighboring country of Austria and Czechoslovakia.

The League of Nations

International organization created after WWI in order to prevent war. It failed to stop Hitler, Mussolini, and Japan.

Appeasement

This is a policy where an aggressive nation is given what they want by other nations to avoid war

Munich Conference

Germany, Great Britain appeased Hitler by giving him control over Czechoslovakia. This led Hitler to demand even more land.

Invasion of Poland

This event started WWII. Poland was defeated by Germany because they lacked natural boundaries (they had flat plains, it was east to conquer them)

Pearl Harbor

Japan attacked United States

D-day Invasion

The beginning of the final allied push against Germany which resulted in Germanys defeat

Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The Final event of World War II. The U.S. bombed Japan which caused Japan to surrender soon after.

The Holocaust

During World War II, Hitler and the Nazis tried to kill all jews. 6 million Jews and 6 million non-Jews were killed.

The Security Council (United Nations main body)

Keeps peace between nations

International Court of Justice (United Nations main body)

Settles disputes between countries

General Assembly (United Nations main body)

Votes on key policies of the United Nations

Secretariat (United Nations main body)

Responsible for day-to-day administration of the United Nations

Declaration of Human Rights

A document created by the United Nations that lists all the rights that all people should have within their nations

Nuremberg Trials

Court case where the surviving Nazis were put on trial. 19 Nazi leaders were executed or sentenced to imprisonment for their crimes against humanity.

The Nuremberg Trial demonstrated that people will be held accountable for their actions.

The Cold War

A war between the United States and the Soviet Nation that last 50 years. It was called cold because they didn’t directly fight each other.

Iron Curtain

The imaginary line dividing the democratic countries of Western Europe from the communist countries of Eastern Europe

Containment

The policy where United States attempted to stop the spread of communism

Truman Doctrine

The U.S. gave $400 million in economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey to help them defeat communist groups within their countries

Marshall Plan

The U.S. gave $13 Billion to the countries of Western Europe to help them rebuild after WWII

Berlin Wall

Concrete wall built by the communists to prevent people from East Germany from escaping to West Germany

Berlin Airlift

The U.S., Britain, and France flew in supplies to the people of West Germany after Stalin set up a blockade (Berlin Wall)

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A military alliance between the U.S., Canada, and the democratic nations of Western Europe. They agreed if one of the nations involved in this alliance were attacked, they would all be attacked.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance between the Soviet Union and the other communist nations of Eastern Europe

Hungary Revolution of 1956

When Hungary (a communist satellite) tried to break away from Soviet control, the Soviet Union sent in the army and ended the rebellion.

Arms race

The U.S. and the Soviet Union competed to build up the largest supply of nuclear weapons

Cuban Missile Crisis

The United States found out that the Soviet Union was building missile bases in Cuba (a communist nation) and pointing them at the U.S. and the crisis ended when the Soviet Union agreed to remove them

Decolonization

Nations colonized by western nations finally gain independence

Caste (lower social classes) Systems

Theres discrimination in rural areas since tradition remains strong there and discrimination against the lower class is very severe

Nelson Mandela

He was a Black South African nationalist leader who fought against Apartheid who was imprisoned by the White South African government for 27 years and later voted to be the first Black South African President after the apartheid came to an end in 1990

Rwandan Genocide (1994)

The Hutus slaughtered 800,000 Tutsis in only a few months

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese nationalist leader who led a 8-year war against France to gain independence for Vietnam

Great Leap Forward

This was Maos attempt to modernize the industrial and agricultural production in China by forcing peasants to move onto large government farms (similar to Stalins Five-Year Plan and Collectivization)

Cultural Revolution

Mao used violent young Communist soldiers (Red Guards) to eliminate all of the opposition that he had

Deng Xiaoping

The capitalist ruler that came after Mao Zedong and changed the economy into a capitalist economy

Tiananmen Square Protest/Massacre 1989

The Chinese peacefully demanded democratic changes (reforms) where they wanted more rights and a say in government. Deng Xiaoping calls in the army to handle the protests and that led to hundreds of Chinese protestors being killed.

Arab Nationalist interested in the Middle East because…

wanted independent states that emerged from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire

European Nationalists interested in the Middle East because…

wanted control of trade routes and resources (mainly oil) from the region

Zionists interested in the Middle East because…

wanted to establish a Jewish homeland

Creation of Israel

Part of the Holy Land was used to create the Jewish nation of Israel

The Shah

He proclaimed himself King after his father and was an absolute monarch who abused his power and wanted to modernize, secularize, and westernize Iran.

Ayatollah Khomeini

He came to power after the Iranian Revolution and established a Theocracy (Islam) and he wanted to be traditional, nonsecular and not westernized.

Green Revolution (Began 1960s)

The use of technology to increase the food supply by improving irrigation (supply of water), machinery, fertilizer, pesticides, and better seeds and livestock

Genocide

The attempt to exterminate an ethnic group, this is a violation of our human rights.

Armenian Massacre

The Turks of the Ottoman Empire murdered about one million Armenians during WWI that lived in their territory.

Ukrainian Famine

Joseph Stalin took away food from Ukrainians

Yugoslavia Genocide

Slobodan Milosevic was the Serbian ruler of Yugoslavia who violently attacked non-Serbs (especially Albanians) living in his land

Isreal vs Palestine

Israel had been made in the Holy Land and due to this, Palestinians disliked Israelis because the Palestinians were displaced. They had ongoing tension.

Enlightenment

The period in European history when reasoning (logic) was used to understand and improve society.

Divine Rights

Power was given to those who were chosen by the gods. Enlightenment philosophers believed that governments receive their authority from the people and not from God.

French Revolution

The people of France overthrew King Louis XVI (killed by the Jacobins) and fought for more rights.

* The Third Estate included mostly peasants and they had less rights than the other estates and were taxed the most out of the three.
* France was ruled by absolute monarchs who abused their power and denied the rights of the people.
* France was economically unstable because the kings would spend way too much money and basically put France in debt.
* The middle class of France gained more power & rights.

Haiti Revolution

Slaves in the French colony Saint Domingue (Haiti) revolted & fought for their independence.

* France colonized Haiti & used slave labor to get access to the island's natural resources.
* The people there were also mistreated and discriminated against.

The Latin Revolutions (1800 - 1830)

**They fought for independence from Spain, Portugal, and France.**

* **Governments were controlled by Peninsulares (People from Spain & Portugal) who treated Latinos poorly. Creoles (Europeans born in Latin America), Mestizos (mixed Europeans/Native Americans), Native Americans, and African slaves demanded more rights.**

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

They believed that capitalism was bad. They thought that it allows factory owners to exploit factory workers. They also wrote a book called the Communist Manifesto that basically states how the Bourgeoisie (wealthy factory owners) would exploit the Proletariat (poor factory workers) to earn more money and they basically wanted the Proletariat to revolt against it and eliminate capitalism.

The idea of Marx & Engels became the foundation of Communism and inspired the Soviet Union and China.

Potato famine

(1845 - 1850) About 1 million Irish people died of famine when their potato crops failed to grow because of potato blight. Over 1 million Irish people migrated to the United States to escape the famine & find more opportunities.

Nationalism in Ireland

Due to nationalism, many Irish people didn’t want to be ruled by Great Britain so they fought for independence so Southern Ireland gained independence in 1921.

Meiji Restoration (1868 - 1912)

Japan was ruled by Emperor Meiji and during his ruling, Japan was being modernized, industrialized, and westernized.

During the Meiji period, Japan became a powerful and modernized country and started to colonize other countries.

Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

The people of Russia overthrew their Czar (king) and created a new government. Because of WWI, Russians suffered many casualties and WW1 created food shortages at home.

During the revolution:

* Czar Nicholas II was executed.
* Lenin and the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia.
* Russia became a communist nation.

One political party

Only the political party of the dictators was allowed to exist.

Command (Communist) economy

The government owns the businesses, make business decisions, and sets prices.

Battle of the Stalingrad

Hitler fought for Russia but had lost due to the harsh climate and large size of the nation.

United Nation formation

formed to solve international problems and prevent future wars. 191 nations currently belong to the United Nations and they’re made up of 6 main bodies.