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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Final Exam Review

Potentialing and Looping Circuits

  • Black = Circuit Status

    • Switches, Relays opened, closed

    • Faults

  • Blue = Current Flow (Electron Flow Theory)

  • Red = Positive Potential

  • Green = Positive Potential

  • Draw positive potential or negative potential to an open(switch or relay) and ON loads

Current and Amperage

  • Must have a complete path from - to +

  • Total amperage depends on total loads or resistance of the circuit

    • Parallel circuits: IT = I1 + I2 + I3

    • Series circuits: I is constant

3 Prime faults in electrical circuits

  • Open

    • No continuous loop = no current flow

    • A break in the loop where there should not be

    • “OL“ reading on multimeter

  • Short

    • Internal short

      • If a load has a specific resistance but indicates lower than normal resistance

      • Current flow increases

      • Circuit breaker will pop depending on how much of an internal short

    • Bypass short

      • Wires are touching another part of the circuit or are switched

    • Short to ground (STG)

      • Unintended path to ground (airframe)

      • No load or resistance but path is completed

      • Will have high current

      • Circuit breaker will pop depending on location

  • Added resistance

    • More resistance = less amperage

    • Higher than normal indication on multimeter

      • Examples:

        • Light will be dimmer

        • Landing gear or a flap motor would be slower than normal

Crimping and Wire Stripping

  • Use the correct size wire stripper for the size wire

  • Strip only insulation, do not strip or nick any of the conductor strands

    • Reject if any strands are nicked or broken

  • Strip the correct amount of insulation form the conductor

    • Amount of insulation depends on the terminal barrel that the wire is being crimped to

Inspection points for crimps

  • Proper strip length

    • Too much insulation stripped can cause interference with installation hardware

    • Too little insulation stripped will not allow proper inspection after crimping

  • No conductor should be showing at the end of the terminal

    • Exception: Daniels crimpers instructions specify that there should be some conductor visible at the end of the connector

  • Two crimps are made with one crimping action

    • Barrel to insulation

    • Barrel to conductor

  • Tug test: Slight pull to test strength of crimp to wire

    • Pull only: Do NOT bend or twist

Connectors

  • Plugs and jacks

    • P1 mates to J1, P2 mates to J2, ect.

  • Mating or demating connectors

    • Ensure power is OFF

    • Ensure proper alignment so as not to damage or bend any pins

    • Always use proper tools (if tools are required)

    • Do NOT pull on the wires

AC43.13

  • Use this when the manufacturer has not provided data regarding the repair or inspection being preformed

  • (Figured 11-2) Determining wire size

    • Wire size is based on the current carrying capability of the wire and the allowable voltage drop

  • Circuit breakers and fuses protect the wiring, not the loads

    • Amperage rating for circuit breakers and fuses are determined by wire size

      • If circuit breaker amperage rating is too high it could lead to damaged wires

      • If circuit breaker amperage rating is too low the circuit will not operate without tripping the circuit breaker continuously

Wire ID

  • Prefix letter: only used when there are two of the same type of circuits installed (ie 2 lighting circuits)

  • Circuit function code: L2B20

    • L = Lighting

    • F = Flight instruments

    • X = AC power

    • P = Power

    • W = Warning

  • Wire number: L2B20

    • This is the 2nd wire in the lighting system

  • Segment letter: L2B20

  • Wire size L2B20

    • 20 AWG

  • Suffix (if used) L2B20N

    • N indicates the wire goes directly to ground or the negative bus

3 Things You Need for Electromagnetic Induction (Induced Voltage)

  • Magnetic field (coil is energized)

    • Can change the field by the number of windings in the coil or increasing the current for a stronger magnetic field

  • Conductor

  • Relative motion

Alternators and Related Systems

  • Rotor (Rotates)

    • Rotating electro-magnet

    • Strength of magnet is determined by the input current (field current)

    • Current travels through the brushes to the slip rings then to the rotor coil

  • Stator (Stationary) - Conductor

    • Rotor rotates inside of stator windings

    • 3 sets of windings, 120° apart that produce AC current (3 windings = 3 phase)

    • Voltage is induced across the stator wires

    • 2 types: “Wye“ type and “Delta“ type

  • Rectifier

    • Changes the 3 phase AC produced in the stator to DC

    • Output voltage is pulsating DC

    • Diodes in series and reverse bias between a power supply and a coil = rectification diode

    • Because the diodes are in reverse bias to the battery, they also prevent the stator coils from becoming a load to any DC source (ie battery or external power) when the Engine is not running

  • Capacitor

    • Reduces the ripple of the pulsating DC

    • Also reduces radio noise (static)

Alternator Inspection

  • Rotor

    • Test for open

      • One meter probe on each slip ring

      • Open rotor = OL or infinite reading on meter

    • Short (Internal)

      • One meter probe on each slip ring

      • Internally shorted rotor = lower resistance than normal specified by manufacturer

    • Short to ground (STG)

      • One meter probe on either slip ring and one on ground (center post)

      • Rotor that is STG = any other reading than OL or infinity on meter

      • OL = normal indication

  • Stator

    • Testing for open

      • For “Wye“ stator: one meter probe on a phase or one meter probe on a phase and one on neutral (must tell all 3 phases)

      • For “Delta“ stator: disconnect one junction of stator wires and test at that point (one meter probe on each side)

        • This tests all 3 phases at the same time

      • Normal indication on meter = <1 Ohm (check specific manufacturer’s manual)

    • Testing for STG

      • One meter probe on any phase and one on ground (Frame)

      • Anything other than OL or infinity is an indication of STG

  • Rectifier

    • Each diode must be tested in FWD bias and REV bias using the diode test function on mulit meter

    • 6 diodes test total 12 times

      • FWD Bias = 0.5V

      • REV Bias = OL

Voltage Regulator (Magic Circle)

  • Change in RMP or change in load will change the output voltage of the alternator

    • Change of output voltage sensed by voltage regulator

    • Voltage regulator sense change and adjusts current going to the rotor (field current) as necessary

      • Increase field current to increase output voltage and vice versa

Alternator Schematic

  • Ammeter #1 - alternator ammeter

    • Never will indicate left of zero

  • Ammeter #2 - battery ammeter

    • Left of zero indication = battery is the source for the electrical system and is discharging

    • Right of zero = battery is load to the alternator and is charging

  • External power relay

    • Power must be correct polarity for the external power relay to energize

  • Hot bus

    • CTTO loads - can’t turn them off. Loads that are always on even when the battery or master switch is OFF

      • Clock

      • Door lights

  • Diodes

    • Blocking diodes (D7) - prevents hot bus from powering main bus, but allows main bus to power hot bus

    • Polarization diode (D5, D8) - prevents opposite polarity form entering the system

    • Clipping diode or voltage spike suppression diode (D1, D6, D10) - prevents opposite polarity voltage spike form the collapsing magnetic field of a coil from entering the system

  • Alternator run scenarios

    • Ammeter #1 Alternator ammeter (will never indicate left of 0)

    • Ammeter #2 Battery ammeter

      • Indicating left of 0 = battery discharging

      • Indicating right of = battery charging

A&P Privileges

  • A&P cannot repair instruments

    • Repair of instruments must completed by an appropriately rated repairman or repair station

Pitot Static System

  • Altimeter

    • Static

  • Vertical Speed Indicator

    • Static

  • Airspeed Indicator

    • Pitot & static

  • Pitot Heat

    • Prevents ice from blocking the pitot tube

Vacuum Pumps

  • Wet type pumps

    • Uses engine oil for lubrication

  • Dry type pumps

    • Uses dust from carbon vanes for lubrication

Sensors, sensing & Switches

  • Micro - switches

    • Takes only a small (micro) amount of movement to activate

  • Synchros indicate movement and can indicate in an infinite number of positions (i.e. they are synchronized with the movement of something)

Temperature Sensing

  • Thermocouples

    • EGT probes are typically chrome - Alumel combination because they can withstand the hottest temperatures

    • When a thermocouple fails, it typically indicates cooler than normal

    • CHT can be measured from either the side of the cylinder or at the spark plug

      • If using a spark plug gasket type CHT thermocouple, be sure to remove the original spark plus gasket

MAP (Manifold Absolute Pressure)

  • When engine is not running, the MAP gauge should indicate ambient pressure (Approximately 30” HG)

  • Normally aspirated engines typically red line around 29” HG

  • Turbocharged engines typically red line above 30”HG

Types of Nav Radios

  • GPS

    • Location (Position)

    • Provide Earth’s latitude and longitude

  • ADF

    • Bearing (Direction)

    • Direction to ground station

  • VHF Nav or VOR

    • Bearing (Direction)

    • For navigation to and from a ground station

  • DME

    • Distance

    • Distance to ground position

Types of Transponder

  • Mode A - Basic ID only

  • Mode C - ID and altitude (MSL)

  • Mode S - ID, altitude, and TCAS information

Antennas

  • Marconi

    • ¼th wavelength

    • Need a ground plane

  • Hertz Di - Pole

    • ½ wavelength

  • Higher frequency means shorter antenna

Modulation

  • Amplitude Modulation (AM)

    • Amplitude varies

    • Frequency does not change

  • Frequency Modulation (FM)

    • Frequency varies

  • Pulse Width Modulation (Digital)

    • Amplitude varies

    • Frequency does not change

Installation of equipment into aircraft and paperwork requirements

  • Major alteration

    • Approved data used for FAA form 337

  • Minor alteration

    • Equipment list

Notes

  • A open switch cannot be a fault

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Chapter 24: Forensic DNA Databases: Tools for Crime Investigation
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Introducing Rhetoric: Using the “Available Means”
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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studied byStudied by 55 people
5.0(1)
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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