SPSS 1060S: Exam 3

social problems & sport

• violence

• substance abuse

• gender inequality

gender in sports

• In the past 30 yrs, girls participation in high school athletic programs has increased more than 900% 

• NCAA gender equity reports

  • Females comprise 57% of the college student population, but only 43% of NCAA participants are women

  • Average NCAA member institution sponsors 17 teams: 8 for men, 9 for women

  • Male college athletes receive 55% of college athletic scholarships, female athletes receive 45%

• CT is one of the 17 states that allowed transgender athletes to compete w/ out restrictions in 2019

social capital

ecosystem services: benefits derived by humankind as a result of their interaction in an ecosystem

• Broken windows theory (Wilson & Keling 1982): broken windows that remain broken will lead to an increase in negative behavior, litter on the streets

• Zimbardo 1969: experiment w/ 2 cars w/ hood up, doors open (in Bronx & Palo Alto)

broken window theory experiments

• How NY became safe: Giulliani used the broken window theory: improved design & maintenance, hired homeless to clean streets, eradicated graffiti on subway

• Flint, Michigan: popul has fallen below 100k from a peak of 197k, leaving many crumbling neighborhoods, over 6k abandoned homes, in 2011 was #1 on list of top 10 most dangerous cities

• Experiment: picked out 3 neighborhoods in Flint & mow them weekly, & apply fertilizer & pest control for 3 years; measure the social, economic, & environmental impacts of maintenance in these lawn areas

• Well-kept vacant lots decrease crime

turfgrass benefits

• functional

• recreational

• aesthetic

turfgrass functional benefits

• Oxygen production

• Reduced erosion

• Reduced runoff/leaching

• Cooling

• Carbon sequestration

• Decreased allergy from pollen

• Noise abatement & noise control

• Decreased nuisance pests (snakes, rodents, mosquitos, etc)

• Safety in vehicle operation

• Security: provide low cost, high visibility, ground cover, 

• Wildlife habitat: turfgrass, tree, shrub, & water combinations

recreational

• Low cost playing surfaces

• Physical health

• Mental health

• Safety

• Spectator entertainment

aesthetic

• Compliments trees & shrubs in landscape

• Quality of life

• Mental health

• Social harmony

• Community pride

• Increased property value

turfgrass’s importance to the nation

• Loss of productive soils

• Dust in atmosphere

• Pollution sediments, nutrients, & chemicals released into water resources

soil erosion (3 step process)

1. detachment (involves energy)

2. transport (wind, water, gravity)

3. deposition (it all goes somewhere)

universal soil los equation

A=R*K*LS*C*P

• A= soil loss in tons per acre per yr

• R= rainfall energy

• K= soil erodibility

• L= slope length

• S= slope gradient

soil erosion control

• mulching (hydro-mulching)

• gravel until vegetation has chance to grow

• experiment about runoff & soil erosion result:  fertilized plots had 94% less sediment

  • Total P runoff from the No fertilizer treatment > Treatments receiving fertilizer

  • Clipping management did not impact P runoff

  • In the presence of N and K, P did not increase turfgrass quality

  • Do not apply P to high testing soils

  • P losses greater in runoff from frozen soils

  • Avoid fall P applications

reducing pathogens in agricultural runoff: why pathogens?

•  surface waters not supporting uses due to pathogens

  • 73% of CT shellfish harvesting beds

  • 255 CT river segments (70% of river miles)

  • Bacteria TMDLs in individual streams

  • Many mention agriculture as potential source

heat dissipation-temperature moderation

• Urban areas can be 5º-7ºC warmer than rural areas

• Max canopy temp of growing bermuda grass 21º cooler than brown dormant turf

• Synthetic turf is worse

carbon sequestration

Recent studies have suggested that turfgrasses have relatively high potential for soil carbon sequestration

- turfgrasses in our climate/region have potential to store significant amounts of carbon in our soil 

- tall fescue, 4” HOC, returned clippings, & some N resulted in the highest means of carbon sequestration 

- overall carbon sequestration rates similar to what observed in other regions

- results validate important environmental benefit of turfgrass ecosystems

- in future, possible income generation from turfgrass if cap-and-trade systems implemented

• How long can we expect soil carbon storage increases?

- models suggest that rates do decline w/ time (across 30-100 yrs)

pest management (integrated pest management options)

• Cultural: planting site, crop rotation

• Mechanical: cultivation to remove weeds

• Biological: use of beneficials, insects, etc

• Genetic: plant resistance

• Chemical: pesticides

types of pesticides

• Herbicides: plants

- selective: only target plants

- non-selective: targets anything green

- pre-emergent: prevents germination

- pos-emergent: controls once germination occurs

• Fungicides: fungi

- contact

- systemic: absorbed by the plant

• Insecticides: insect

Pesticide toxicity: highest: 1, danger, corrosive; lowest: 4, optional, mild

environmental impact quotient

 a formula created to provide growers with data regarding the environmental and health impacts of pesticide (EIQ)

• Pre-emergent herbicides: Siduron, dithiopyr, mesotrione, pendimethalin

• Post-emergent herbicides: triclopyr, glyphosate, MCPP, 2,4D, Clopyralid, dicamba, quinclorac (all between 6 & 12)

• Insecticides: chlorantraniliprole, trichlorfon, imidacloprid, bifenthrin

pesticide bans

Pesticide ban in CT in effect since July, 1, 2010 (proposed in 2007)

• 41 states have pesticide restrictions related to athletic fields

• Pesticide-free areas in 7 states

challenges w/ managing athletic fields w/ out pesticides

• Lack of knowledge base

• Many current recommendations are NOT based on research

• Controlling weeds & damaging insects

• Liability issues

• cost

Thompson 1984:

irrigation & mowing reduced dislodgeable foliar 2,4D residue

Sears 1987:

granular insecticides 21 times less likely to dislodge from turfgrass than liquid

Putnam 2008:

estimated exposure to golfers following applications of 3 insecticides were 19-68 times below EPA Rfd

2,4D on turfgrass

• Dislodgeable 2,4D from athletic field turfgrass: morning dew each day after application makes concentration higher

• Conclusion: dislodgeability decreases as time within day increases, & DAT increases

• Dislodgeablilty increases as RH increases & leaf wetness increases

• Much more 2,4D dislodged in subsequent morning than previous afternoon

• granular formulation: less residue that liquid formulations

• dithiopyr: in both formulations had less residue initially & both were ND one DAT

• 2,4D & Diacamba in liquid form:

steps to minimize exposure risk

• Coordinate field use around pesticide applications (close fields)

- 5-7 DAT if using granular formulations

- 14 (or more) DAT if using liquid formulations

• Irrigate soon after pesticide application

• Afternoon field use is safer than morning or evening

IPM considerations

• Use sound agronomics to develop a competitive turfgrass stand

• Scout and use pest pressure history

• Treat broadleaf weeds late in the fall (November)

• Consider greater intervals between applications

significance of turfgrass

• turfgrass is the largest irrigated crop in America (31,630,000 acres)

• What makes turfgrass unique? (recall)

1. Durability: turfgrasses tolerate traffic better than other grasses/plants

2. Forms a dense contiguous surface: good for walking on & holding the soil

3. tolerates frequent mowing (once a week, sports field: 2-3 times a week)

what soil provides plants (SOILF)

• support (keeping them upright)

• oxygen

• ions (essential elements)

• liquid (supplies water)

• freedom from inhibitory factors

soil physical properties

• Texture

• Structure

• Bulk density

• Porosity

• Permeability

• Organic matter

Components of soil: 45% minerals, 5% organic matter, 25% air, 25% water

benefits of organic matter

• Increased water holding

• Increased nutrient holding

• Decreased bulk density

• Soil structure development

• Soils construction

• Sand construction

evolution of sand textured root zones

• 1950s researchers investigated sands for golf green construction

• 1960 1st USGA specifications published

• Mid 1960s transition to artificial surfaces for athletic fields

• 1970: Dr. Daniel at Purdue U develops PAT system

soil particle types

1. Sand (.05-2mm)

2. Silt (.002-.05mm)

3. Clay (<.002mm)

   

soil textural triangle (12 major textural classes)

preferable soil textures: loamy sand, sandy loam, loam

textural classification of soil particles

soil structure

arrangement of primary soil particles into secondary particles

-The large size of aggregates results in large interped spaces

-Interped spaces are much larger than the spaces between adjacent sand, silt and clay particles

-These large spaces allow fine textured soils to drain rapidly and allow root penetration 

- 2 structureless conditions: sands (single-grained) & Massive (high clay content)

USGA Green Profile

• 12 inch” root-zone mix

• 2” intermediate layer (optional)

• 4” gravel blanket

• Drain tile

• Sub-grade

bulk density

weight of a unit volume of dry soil, including voids & solids

BD=Ws/Vt

soil compaction

a decrease in soil pore space, resulting in high soil strength & bulk density

• general rule: turfgrasses will always perform better in soils w/ low bulk density than soils w/ high bulk density

3 phases in soil

1. air (macropores)

2. water (micropores)

3. solids

pore size distribution

• Macropores (aeration pores)

  • >.1mm

  • infiltration, percolation

  • gas exchange

• Micropores (capillary pores)

  • <.1mm

  • water retention