APUSH Periods 1/2

What crop did the Mayans and Aztecs most produce?

Corn

What crop did the Incas most produce?

Potatoes

Southwest Settlements

• Hokokam, Anasanzi, Pueblos

• Farming

• Extreme drought and conflicts with natives weakened these tribes before Europeans

Northwest Settlements

• Pacific Coast, people lived in longhouses or plank houses

• Mountain ranges created barriers to development and isolated tribes

Great Plains

• Nomadic hunters who farmed and traded

• survived by hunting buffalo

• raised corn, beans, and squash

Midwest Settlements

• Woodland American Indians prospered with a rich food supply

• permanent settlements in Mississippi and Ohio River valleys

• Mounds

Northeast Settlements

• Iroquois Confederation: political union of 5 separate tribes

• Hunting and farming techniques

Atlantic Seaboard Settlements

• Southern New Jersey to Florida

• Descendants of Woodland mound builders

Italian Middle Men

controlled the trade routes from Europe to eastern land routes (possible water route around Africa or Atlantic Ocean made them irrelevant)

Inventions that helped lead to european exploration

gunpowder, compass, better maps

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain and Portugal agreed to move land line a little west

Cortez

conquered Mexican Aztecs

Pizarro

conquered Peruvian Incas

Columbian Exchange

a transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other

Spain’s conquest focused on what areas?

the Indies, Central and South America, present day Florida

encomienda system

formal system of forced labor in Spanish colonies

St. Augustine

oldest city in North America founded by Europeans (founded by Spain in modern day Florida)

New Mexico

forced Christianization efforts caused the Pueblo people to revolt, Spanish were driven from area until 1692

California

Spain founded settlements in response to Russian exploration, Father Junipero Serra founded missions here

Pueblo Revolt

forceful religion conversion caused the American Indians to fight back

Bartolome’ de Las Casas

Spanish priest who believed in better treatment of Indians

New Laws of 1542

ended Indian slavery and forced labor

Samuel de Champlain

founder of the first French settlement in the America’s

Henry Hudson

English sailor that was sponsored by the Dutch to find a passage to Asia through Northern America

Corporate Colonies

colonies operated by joint-stock companies

royal colonies

colonies under direct authority of the kings government

proprietary colonies

colonies ran by people that were granted charters by the king

Jamestown

first permanent English colony that faced many hardships

Captain John Smith

strong leader of Jamestown colony who created “no work, no eat” policy

Indentured servants

a worker under contract that works in order to repay a loan

Virginia House of Burgesses

Virginia’s representative government

Bacon’s Rebellion

farmer Nathaniel Bacon was disappointed in the Virginia government’s protection of farmers from Indians

Puritans

dissidents in the Church of England, wanted to do away with Catholic practices

Pilgrims

group of people from the Mayflower seeking religious freedom

John Withrop

Puritan who led a group to create the Massachusetts Bay Company

Massachusetts Bay Company

an organization that created Christian community in the colonies away from royal oversight

Rhode Island

colony with religious freedom created by puritan dissenter Roger Williams

capitalist economy

economic system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than by the state.

Early Transatlantic Voyages

journeys across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe, primarily by Spanish, Portuguese, English and French explorers during the 15th to 17th centuries. They led to the discovery of new lands (like America) and opened up trade routes.

Transatlantic Trade

a trading system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas during 15th-19th centuries. Goods, slaves, and raw materials were exchanged across Atlantic Ocean.

Asiento System

a permit given by the Spanish government to other countries, allowing them to sell slaves in Spanish colonies.

Caste System

a social structure that divides people into different classes or ranks based on their birth or occupation.

Chattel slavery

people are treated as personal property that can be bought, sold, or given away. They and their descendants are permanently enslaved.