Units 5+6, chapter 9-11 reading guide terms

Steam Engine

Invented by James Watt; revolutionized industry and transport, leading to the Industrial Revolution.

British Textile Industry

Developed by various inventors like Richard Arkwright; foundation of the Industrial Revolution, leading to economic growth and urbanization.

Middle Class Society

Represented professionals and skilled workers during the Industrial Revolution; played a key role in social and political changes.

Lower Middle Class

Represented clerks and small shopkeepers; highlighted economic diversity and contributed to social mobility.

Ideology of Domesticity

19th-century social norms emphasizing women's roles in the home; influenced gender roles and family structures.

Karl Marx

Developed Marxist theory to critique capitalism; inspired various socialist movements.

Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations

Written by Adam Smith; explains principles of free-market economics.

Socialism

Advocated for collective ownership of production means; led to the formation of socialist and communist states.

Progressives

Reform movement addressing social, political, and economic injustices in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Russian Revolution of 1905

Led by various groups to demand political reforms; established the Duma and set the stage for the 1917 revolutions.

Caudillos

Military or political leaders in Latin America; often led to authoritarian rule.

Latin American Export Boom

Occurred in late 19th and early 20th centuries; led to economic growth and increased dependency on foreign markets.

Mexican Revolution

Occurred from 1910-1920 to overthrow Porfirio Díaz; resulted in significant social and political reforms.

Dependent Development

Explains economic dependence of developing countries on developed nations; highlights challenges in achieving sustainable growth.

Samuel Morse

Invented the telegraph and Morse code; revolutionized long-distance communication.

Jethro Tull's Seed Drill

Invented by Jethro Tull; increased agricultural efficiency by sowing seeds in rows.

Edison and the Light Bulb

First practical incandescent light bulb; revolutionized indoor lighting and paved the way for electrification.

Bessemer Process

Invention by Henry Bessemer for mass-producing steel; enabled construction of stronger industrial structures.

English Luddites

Group of workers protesting new machinery in the early 19th century; highlighted tensions caused by industrialization.

John Snow

Known for tracing cholera outbreak in London; emphasized importance of sanitation in public health.

Rocket Locomotive

Early steam locomotive designed by George Stephenson; demonstrated viability of steam-powered rail transport.

Africanization of Christianity

Process of adapting Christianity in African cultural contexts; created a distinct form of Christianity.

Cash Crop Production

Growing crops for sale instead of consumption; altered local economies and labor systems.

Civilizing Mission

Justification for colonial rule claiming to bring civilization to 'backward' societies.

Scientific Racism

Use of scientific theories to justify racial superiority; perpetuated racial stereotypes and discrimination.

Social Darwinism

Application of Darwin's theories to human societies; justified social inequalities and imperialism.

Scramble for Africa

Rapid colonization of Africa by European powers; redrew the map of Africa.

Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858

Major uprising against British rule; led to changes in British colonial policies.

Congo Free State

Area in Central Africa controlled by King Leopold II; known for brutal exploitation.

Cultivation System

Dutch colonial policy in Indonesia requiring cash crop production; caused widespread poverty.

Sepoy

Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company; contributed to the Indian Rebellion.

Swami Vivekananda

Prominent Indian monk; promoted Hinduism and interfaith understanding.

Hinduism

One of the world's oldest religions; profoundly shaped Indian culture and philosophy.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium who controlled the Congo Free State; responsible for atrocities.

Charles Goodyear

American inventor of vulcanization; made rubber more durable.

Vulcanization

Process developed by Charles Goodyear to improve rubber's properties.

Edward Blyden

West African scholar promoting African unity; influenced nationalist movements.

Taiping Uprising

Civil war in China aimed at overthrowing the Qing Dynasty; sought social equality and land redistribution.

Young Ottomans

Intellectuals in the Ottoman Empire seeking modernization while preserving Islamic values.

Opium Wars

Conflicts over trade imbalances; resulted in China's humiliation and unequal treaties.

Sultan Abd al-Hamid II

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire; ruled as an autocrat after suspending constitutional reforms.

Qing Dynasty

Last imperial dynasty of China; faced numerous challenges and ultimately declined.

Young Turks

Political reform movement in the Ottoman Empire advocating for democracy and modernization.

Unequal Treaties

Agreements imposed on China by Western powers; expanded foreign control and influence.

Informal Empires

Regions with significant Western influence without formal colonization; expanded economic interests.

Self-Strengthening Movement (China)

Qing reforms to modernize military and infrastructure; ultimately failed to stronghold China.

Battle of Adowa

Military engagement where Ethiopian forces defeated Italy; secured Ethiopia's independence.

Boxer Uprising

Anti-foreigner uprising in China; exposed Qing weaknesses and led to its decline.

Tokugawa Japan

Period under Tokugawa shogunate; saw economic growth and isolation from the world.

Chinese Revolution

Xinhai Revolution ending the Qing Dynasty; established the Republic of China.

Meiji Restoration

Political revolution modernizing Japan; restored imperial rule and adopted Western practices.

Sick Man of Europe

Term for the declining Ottoman Empire; led to geopolitical changes and World War I conditions.

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict over territorial disputes; Japan's victory altered the balance of power in East Asia.

Tanzimat

Reform period in the Ottoman Empire aimed at modernization; led to significant legal changes.