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Units 5+6, chapter 9-11 reading guide terms
Chapter 9
1. Steam Engine:
- Invented by: James Watt (improved version).
- Purpose: To pump water out of mines and later to power machinery and transport.
- Impact: Revolutionized industry and transport, leading to the Industrial Revolution.
2. British Textile Industry:
- Developed by: Various inventors like Richard Arkwright.
- Purpose: To mass-produce textiles using machines.
- Impact: Became the foundation of the Industrial Revolution, leading to economic growth and urbanization.
3. Middle Class Society:
- Developed by: Economic changes during the Industrial Revolution.
- Purpose: Represented professionals, business owners, and skilled workers.
- Impact: Played a key role in social and political changes, pushing for reforms and better living standards.
4. Lower Middle Class:
- Developed by: Economic stratification during the Industrial Revolution.
- Purpose: Represented clerks, small shopkeepers, and skilled artisans.
- Impact: Highlighted the growing economic diversity and contributed to social mobility.
5. Ideology of Domesticity:
- Promoted by: 19th-century social norms.
- Purpose: Emphasized women's roles in the home as caretakers and moral guides.
- Impact: Influenced gender roles and family structures, reinforcing the separation of public and private spheres.
6. Karl Marx:
- Known for: Developing Marxist theory.
- Purpose: To critique capitalism and advocate for a classless society.
- Impact: Inspired various socialist movements and revolutions, including the Russian Revolution.
7. Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations:
- Written by: Adam Smith.
- Purpose: To explain the principles of free-market economics.
- Impact: Laid the foundation for modern economic theory and capitalism.
8. Socialism:
- Developed by: Various thinkers including Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
- Purpose: To advocate for collective ownership of the means of production.
- Impact: Led to the formation of socialist and communist states and influenced labor movements.
9. Progressives:
- Movement by: Reformers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
- Purpose: To address social, political, and economic injustices.
- Impact: Brought about significant reforms in labor laws, women's suffrage, and government regulation.
10. Russian Revolution of 1905:
- Led by: Various groups including workers, peasants, and soldiers.
- Purpose: To demand political reforms and end autocracy.
- Impact: Led to the establishment of the Duma and set the stage for the 1917 revolutions.
11. Caudillos:
- Who: Military or political leaders in Latin America.
- Purpose: To maintain control and order in post-independence Latin American countries.
- Impact: Often led to authoritarian rule and political instability.
12. Latin American Export Boom:
- Occurred in: Late 19th and early 20th centuries.
- Purpose: To export raw materials and agricultural products to industrialized nations.
- Impact: Led to economic growth but also increased dependency on foreign markets.
13. Mexican Revolution:
- Occurred in: 1910-1920.
- Purpose: To overthrow the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz and address social inequalities.
- Impact: Resulted in significant social, economic, and political reforms.
14. Dependent Development:
- Concept by: Dependency theorists.
- Purpose: To explain the economic dependence of developing countries on developed nations.
- Impact: Highlighted the challenges faced by developing nations in achieving sustainable growth.
15. Samuel Morse:
- Known for: Inventing the telegraph and Morse code.
- Purpose: To enable long-distance communication.
- Impact: Revolutionized communication and contributed to global connectivity.
16. Jethro Tull's Seed Drill:
- Invented by: Jethro Tull.
- Purpose: To sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths.
- Impact: Increased agricultural efficiency and productivity.
17. Edison and the Light Bulb: Thomas Edison, an American inventor, is often credited with inventing the first practical incandescent light bulb in 1879. While he didn't invent the first light bulb, his version was the first to be long-lasting and commercially viable. The purpose of Edison's light bulb was to provide a reliable and safe source of indoor lighting, replacing candles and gas lamps. This invention revolutionized the way people lived and worked, extending productive hours and improving the quality of life. It also paved the way for the widespread electrification of homes and cities.
Bessemer Process: In 1856, Henry Bessemer invented the Bessemer process, a method for mass-producing steel by blowing air through molten pig iron to remove impurities. This process produced high-quality steel more efficiently and at a lower cost. The Bessemer process greatly impacted the industrial world by enabling the construction of stronger buildings, bridges, and railways, thus fueling the expansion of infrastructure and industry during the Industrial Revolution.
Richard Arkwright: Richard Arkwright was an English inventor and entrepreneur who is credited with inventing the water frame in 1769. The water frame was a spinning machine powered by water, which significantly increased yarn production. Arkwright's purpose was to improve the efficiency of textile manufacturing. His innovations led to the establishment of large-scale factories and the growth of the textile industry, marking a significant shift from manual labor to mechanized production.
English Luddites: In the early 19th century, the Luddites were a group of English workers who protested the introduction of new machinery that threatened their jobs. Named after the mythical leader Ned Ludd, they destroyed machines in textile mills, believing that these machines would lead to unemployment and poor working conditions. Their actions highlighted the social and economic tensions caused by rapid industrialization and the displacement of traditional labor.
John Snow: John Snow was an English physician known for his work in epidemiology. In 1854, he traced the source of a cholera outbreak in London to a contaminated water pump on Broad Street. By removing the pump handle, Snow effectively ended the outbreak. His work demonstrated the importance of sanitation and clean water in preventing disease. Snow's methods laid the groundwork for modern public health and epidemiology, emphasizing the importance of data collection and analysis in understanding and controlling disease outbreaks.
Rocket Locomotive: The Rocket was an early steam locomotive designed by George Stephenson and his son Robert Stephenson in 1829. It was built for the Rainhill Trials, a competition to determine the best locomotive for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The Rocket's innovative design, which included a multi-tube boiler and a blast pipe, made it faster and more efficient than its competitors. The success of the Rocket demonstrated the viability of steam-powered rail transport, leading to the widespread adoption of railways and transforming transportation and commerce in the 19th century.
Chapter 10
1. Africanization of Christianity: This refers to the process by which African converts to Christianity adapted the religion to fit their own cultural contexts. It was driven by African missionaries and laypeople. The purpose was to make Christianity more relevant to African traditions and values. This changed history by creating a distinct form of Christianity that blended African and Western elements.
2. Cash Crop Production: This involves growing crops for sale rather than for personal consumption. It was promoted by colonial powers and local elites. The purpose was to generate revenue and integrate colonies into the global economy. This changed history by altering local economies and labor systems, often leading to exploitation and economic dependency.
3. Civilizing Mission: This was a justification used by European colonial powers, claiming they were bringing civilization to supposedly "backward" societies. The purpose was to legitimize colonial rule. This changed history by promoting Western values and systems at the expense of indigenous cultures. \
4. Scientific Racism: This is the use of scientific theories to support or justify the belief in racial superiority or inferiority. It was developed by various European and American scientists in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The purpose was to provide a pseudo-scientific basis for racial discrimination and imperialism. This changed history by perpetuating racial stereotypes and justifying oppressive policies.
5. Social Darwinism: This is the application of Charles Darwin's theories of natural selection to human societies. It was popularized by thinkers like Herbert Spencer. The purpose was to justify social inequalities and imperialist policies. This changed history by providing a rationale for the exploitation and domination of weaker societies.
6. Scramble for Africa: This was the rapid colonization of Africa by European powers in the late 19th century. It was driven by economic interests and national prestige. The purpose was to control territories and resources. This changed history by redrawing the map of Africa and imposing foreign rule on its peoples.
7. Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858: This was a major uprising against British rule in India, led by Indian soldiers (sepoys) and local leaders. It was sparked by grievances over British policies. The purpose was to end British dominance. This changed history by leading to the reorganization of British control in India and the eventual establishment of the British Raj.
8. Congo Free State: This was a large area in Central Africa privately controlled by King Leopold II of Belgium. Its purpose was to exploit the region's resources, particularly rubber and ivory. This changed history by exposing the brutal exploitation and atrocities committed under Leopold's rule, leading to international condemnation and reforms.
9. Cultivation System: This was a Dutch colonial policy in Indonesia requiring peasants to grow cash crops for export. The purpose was to generate revenue for the Dutch government. This changed history by causing widespread poverty and suffering among Indonesian peasants.
10. Sepoy: This term refers to Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company. They played a key role in the company's military operations. The sepoys' grievances over pay and conditions contributed to the Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858, which changed British colonial policies in India.
11. Swami Vivekananda: He was an Indian Hindu monk and a key figure in the introduction of Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world. His purpose was to promote Hinduism and interfaith understanding. He changed history by fostering a global appreciation of Indian spiritual traditions.
12. Hinduism: This is one of the world's oldest religions, originating in the Indian subcontinent. It encompasses a variety of beliefs and practices. The purpose is to guide adherents in their spiritual and moral lives. Hinduism has profoundly shaped Indian culture and philosophy.
13. King Leopold II: He was the King of Belgium who personally controlled the Congo Free State. His purpose was to exploit its resources for personal gain. He changed history by causing immense suffering in the Congo and prompting international human rights movements.
14. Charles Goodyear: He was an American inventor who developed the process of vulcanization. The purpose of vulcanization was to make rubber more durable and elastic. This changed history by enabling the mass production of rubber products, which became essential in various industries.
15. Vulcanization: This is a chemical process for converting natural rubber into more durable materials. It was developed by Charles Goodyear. The purpose was to improve the properties of rubber. This changed history by revolutionizing the rubber industry and making rubber products more versatile.
16. Edward Blyden: He was a West African scholar and a prominent advocate of Pan-Africanism. His purpose was to promote the idea of African unity and pride. He changed history by influencing the development of African nationalist and independence movements.
Chapter 11
Taiping Uprising: The Taiping Uprising (1850-1864) was a massive civil war in southern China led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ. The purpose of the rebellion was to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The Taiping Uprising aimed to reform society by promoting social equality, land redistribution, and religious transformation. Although the rebellion was eventually crushed, it weakened the Qing Dynasty and led to significant social and economic upheaval in China.
Young Ottomans: The Young Ottomans were a group of intellectuals and reformers in the Ottoman Empire during the mid-19th century. They sought to modernize the empire by adopting Western political ideas, such as constitutionalism and democracy, while preserving Islamic values. Their purpose was to strengthen the Ottoman state and prevent its decline. The Young Ottomans influenced the drafting of the first Ottoman constitution in 1876, marking a significant step towards political modernization in the empire.
Opium Wars: The Opium Wars were two conflicts between China and Western powers (primarily Britain) in the mid-19th century. The First Opium War (1839-1842) and the Second Opium War (1856-1860) were fought over trade imbalances and the illegal opium trade. The purpose of the wars was to force China to open its markets to Western goods and legalize the opium trade. The Opium Wars resulted in China's defeat and the signing of unequal treaties, which granted significant concessions to Western powers and marked the beginning of China's "Century of Humiliation."
Sultan Abd al-Hamid II: Sultan Abd al-Hamid II was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, ruling from 1876 to 1909. He initially supported the Young Ottomans' constitutional reforms but later suspended the constitution and ruled as an autocrat. His purpose was to maintain the stability and integrity of the empire in the face of internal and external threats. Abd al-Hamid II's reign saw significant modernization efforts but also increased repression and centralization of power, leading to growing opposition from reformist groups like the Young Turks.
Qing Dynasty: The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) was the last imperial dynasty of China, established by the Manchu people. The purpose of the Qing rulers was to maintain control over China and expand its territory. The Qing Dynasty oversaw significant cultural and economic developments but faced numerous challenges, including internal rebellions, foreign invasions, and modernization pressures. The dynasty's decline culminated in the 1911 Revolution, which led to the establishment of the Republic of China.
Young Turks: The Young Turks were a political reform movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that sought to modernize and democratize the Ottoman Empire. Their purpose was to restore the constitution and establish a parliamentary system. The Young Turks played a crucial role in the 1908 Revolution, which led to the reinstatement of the Ottoman constitution and the establishment of a more liberal government. Their efforts marked a significant shift towards modernization and reform in the empire.
Unequal Treaties: The unequal treaties were a series of agreements imposed on China and other Asian countries by Western powers and Japan during the 19th and early 20th centuries. These treaties granted significant concessions, such as extraterritorial rights, trade privileges, and territorial control, to foreign powers. The purpose of these treaties was to expand Western influence and economic interests in Asia. The unequal treaties contributed to the decline of traditional Asian empires and the rise of foreign dominance in the region.
Informal Empires: Informal empires refer to regions where Western powers exerted significant influence and control without formal colonization. This influence was often achieved through economic dominance, military presence, and diplomatic pressure. The purpose of informal empires was to expand Western economic and strategic interests. These arrangements allowed Western powers to benefit from resources and markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America without the costs and responsibilities of direct colonial rule.
Self-Strengthening Movement (China): The Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895) was a series of reforms initiated by the Qing Dynasty to modernize China's military, economy, and infrastructure. The purpose of the movement was to strengthen China against foreign threats and internal rebellions by adopting Western technology and practices. Although the movement led to some modernization efforts, it ultimately failed to transform China into a strong, industrialized nation, partly due to conservative resistance and limited scope.
Battle of Adowa: The Battle of Adowa (1896) was a decisive military engagement between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. The purpose of the battle was for Italy to expand its colonial holdings in Africa by conquering Ethiopia. However, Ethiopian forces, led by Emperor Menelik II, successfully defeated the Italian army, securing Ethiopia's independence.
Boxer Uprising:
- Definition: The Boxer Uprising, also known as the Boxer Rebellion, was an anti-foreigner, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901.
- Who It Was Made By: It was initiated by the "Boxers," a Chinese secret society known as the Yihequan (Righteous and Harmonious Fists).
- Purpose: The Boxers aimed to expel foreign influence from China, targeting foreign nationals, Chinese Christians, and symbols of Western influence.
- Historical Impact: The uprising led to the intervention of an eight-nation alliance, which suppressed the rebellion. It exposed the weaknesses of the Qing Dynasty, contributing to its eventual collapse and the rise of modern China.
Tokugawa Japan:
- Definition: Tokugawa Japan refers to the period of Japanese history under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, from 1603 to 1868.
- Who It Was Made By: The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after his victory at the Battle of Sekigahara.
- Purpose: The shogunate aimed to stabilize and unify Japan after a long period of civil wars, establishing a feudal regime with strict social hierarchies and isolationist policies.
- Historical Impact: This period saw economic growth, strict social order, and isolation from the rest of the world. It ended with the Meiji Restoration, which modernized Japan and opened it to international trade and influence.
Chinese Revolution:
- Definition: The Chinese Revolution generally refers to the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which led to the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China.
- Who It Was Made By: The revolution was led by revolutionary leaders like Sun Yat-sen and the Tongmenghui (United League).
- Purpose: The goal was to end the imperial rule of the Qing Dynasty and establish a republic based on democratic principles.
- Historical Impact: The revolution ended over two thousand years of imperial rule in China, leading to the establishment of the Republic of China and significant political and social changes.
Meiji Restoration:
- Definition: The Meiji Restoration was a political revolution in Japan in 1868 that ended the Tokugawa shogunate and restored imperial rule under Emperor Meiji.
- Who It Was Made By: It was initiated by a coalition of samurai from various domains, including Satsuma and Choshu.
- Purpose: The aim was to modernize Japan by adopting Western political, military, and industrial practices to strengthen the country.
- Historical Impact: The Meiji Restoration transformed Japan into a modern industrialized nation and an emerging global power, significantly altering its social, political, and economic structures.
"Sick Man of Europe":
- Definition: "Sick Man of Europe" was a term used to describe the Ottoman Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
- Who It Was Made By: The term is often attributed to Tsar Nicholas I of Russia.
- Purpose: It referred to the perceived decline and weakening of the Ottoman Empire due to internal strife, military defeats, and loss of territories.
- Historical Impact: The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to significant geopolitical changes in Europe and the Middle East, contributing to the conditions that led to World War I and the eventual dissolution of the empire.
Russo-Japanese War:
- Definition: The Russo-Japanese War was a conflict between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan from 1904 to 1905 over territorial disputes in East Asia.
- Who It Was Made By: The war was fought between the military forces of Russia and Japan.
- Purpose: The primary conflict was over control of Korea and Manchuria.
- Historical Impact: Japan's victory marked the first time an Asian power defeated a European power in modern history, significantly altering the balance of power in East Asia and contributing to the rise of Japan as a major world power.
Tanzimat:
- Definition: The Tanzimat was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire from 1839 to 1876 aimed at modernizing the state in line with Western European models.
- Who It Was Made By: The reforms were initiated by Sultan Mahmud II and continued by his successors, including Sultan Abdulmejid I.
- Purpose: The goal was to centralize and modernize the Ottoman administration, legal system, and military to strengthen the empire and stave off decline.
- Historical Impact: The Tanzimat reforms led to significant changes in the Ottoman Empire's legal and administrative structures, laying the groundwork for later modernization efforts. However, they also faced