The Nervous System

What does the CNS contain?

Brain, spinal card

What does the PNS contain?

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses in small intestine sensory receptors in skin

What systems are within the CNS?

Somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system

Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

Voluntary

Is the autonomic nervous system involuntary or voluntary?

Involuntary

Is the enteric nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

Involuntary

What type of muscle is the somatic nervous system?

Skeletal muscle

What type of muscle is the autonomic nerves system?

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

What type of muscle is the enteric nervous system?

Smooth muscle, glands and endocrine cells of the GI tract

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Sensory, motor, integrative

What is the function of sensory?

Sense changes through sensors receptors

What is the motor function?

Responds to stimuli

What is the integrative function?

Analyze incoming sensory information store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors

What type of neurons is there?

Sensory/ afterent, inter/ association, motor/efferent

What does the neuron neuralgia do?

Not electrically excitable, makes about half the volume of the nervous system, can multiply and divide, there is 6 different kinds 4 in CNS, 2 in PNS

What type of cells is the myelin sheath produced by?

Schwann cells in the PNS, and by oligodendrocytes in the CNS surrounds the axons of most neurons

What is nervous tissue composed of?

Nervous and glia

What is a soma?

Cell body

What is the basic structure of a neuron?

Soma and processes

What is considered the processes of a neuron?

Dendrites or axons

What do dendrites do?

Receive information

What do axons do?

They carry out information from the soma

What are axons covered with?

Myelin

What is it called when cell bodies of neurons cluster in regions?

Nuclei or ganglia depending in their location

What is it called when axons bundle up?

Tracks (columns) or nerves (fibers) depending on the location

What is nervous tissue divided into?

Gray matter and white matter

What is gray matter composed of?

Cell bodies (soma) of neurons

Where is gray matter located?

Superficial, covering the entire brain, in some deep regions of the brain and deep the spinal cord

What is white matter composed of?

Myelin which covers the axons of neurons

What is the appearance of myelin?

High fat content and looks white

Where is white matter located?

Deep in the brain and superficial in the spinal cad

What is the CNS composed of?

Brain and spinal card

What is the PNS composed of?

Ganglia and nerves

What does the CNS do?

Processes and integrates the signals coming from the peripheral nervous system and initiates the response

What does the PNS do?

Senses the external and internal environment sends the information to the central nervous system and carries out the response from it

Where are neurons located?

Ganglia in the PNS and in nuclei in the CNS

What are neurons called when they are within the central nervous system?

Tracts or columns

What are neurons called when they are outside of the central nervous system?

Nerves

Where do cranial nerves emerge from?

Brain

Where do spinal nerves exit from?

Spinal cord

What are the basic functions of the nervous system?

Sensation, integration, and response

How does sensation in the nervous system work?

The nervous system receives information on changes of the external and internal environments

What are changes of sensation in the nervous system called?

Stimuli

What are stimuli perceived by?

Peripheral sensory structures

What is integration of the nervous system?

Stimuli are communicated to the brain and spinal card where that information is processed

What is the response function of the nervous system?

Nervous system produces a motor response to the stimulus. Response involves movement of skeletal muscles cardiac or smooth muscles or glands

What systems are within the nervous system?

Somatic, autonomic, enteric

What does the somatic nervous system consists of?

Sensory ganglia, structures of special senses, brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

Conscious perception and voluntary motor responses of skeletal muscles

What does the autonomic nervous system consists of?

Autonomic neurons in the brain and spinal cord some cranial and spinal nerves and autonomic ganglia

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

Involuntary control of the body

What does the enteric nervous system consists of?

Nervous structures within the digestive system

What is the enteric nervous system responsible for?

Involuntary control of smooth muscle and glandular tissue in the digestive system

What are the different types of neurons?

Somatic sensory neurons, visceral sensory neurons, somatic motor neurons, autonomic motor neurons

What are somatic sensory neurons responsible for?

For conscious perception of external changes (smell)

What are visceral sensory neurons responsible for?

For unconscious perception of internal and external changes (blood pressure)

What are somatic motor neurons responsible for?

For voluntary motor responses of skeletal muscles (running)

What are autonomic motor neurons responsible for?

For involuntary motor responses of cardiac and smooth muscles and glands (sweating)

What are neurons responsible for?

For the electrical signals that communicate information about sensations and that produce movements in response to those stimuli along with inducing thought processes within the brain

What type of cells are neurons?

Large, non-mitotic cells

What is the function glia cells?

They are considered to be supporting cells, many functions are directed at helping neurons complete their function for communication

What are dendrites?

Processes that receive information from synapses

What is an axon?

Process that carry the information from the soma

How many axons does a neuron have?

One

Where does the axon emerge from?

Axon hillock that is covered by glial cells that the myelin

Where does the axon end?

In branches at the axon terminal

What happens to the branches at the axon terminal?

The branches enlarge at their ends to form a synaptic end bulb

Where is the nodes of ranvier?

Gaps between the myelin that expose the axon

How many processes do unipolar neurons have?

Only one process , axon and dendrite combined)

Where do unipolar neurons emerge from?

From the soma

Where are unipolar neurons found?

In ganglia

How many processes do bipolar neurons have?

Two, one axon and one dendrite

Where is the bipolar neuron found?

Olfactory epithelium and retina

How many processes does multipolar neurons have?

Multiple processes

Where is multipolar neurons found?

Everywhere in the nerves system, found in CNS and ganglia

What type of polar are sensory neurons?

They can be unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar

Where are inter neurons found?

Only found in the cns

What polar are interneurous?

Multipolar neurons and the majority of neurons

Where are motor neurons found?

In the CNS or autonomic ganglia

What type of polar are motor neurons?

Multipolar neurons

What types of glial cells are in the cns?

Astrocytes, oligodendroCytes, microglia, ependymal cells

What are the glial cells of the pNs?

Satellite cells and Schwann cells