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What was the significance of the Song Dynasty in China?

great wealth, political stability, intellectual innovation

What major economic development in postclassical China allowed for increased trade?

grand canal

How did the technology of gunpowder spread from China?

trade in Silk Roads

What agricultural advancements were made in postclassical China?

irrigation systems and Champa rice

What was the tribute system in China?

other states paid money to honor china

What role did women have in Song Dynasty China?

defer to men, foot binding

What are the three forms of Buddhism that spread to China?

Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan

What is Neo-Confucianism?

Daoism and Buddhism with confucianism

What characterized feudalism in Japan?

daimyo were aristocrats, most people rice farmers

What significant political change occurred in Japan in 1192?

Minamoto shogun

How did Korea's relationship with China influence its government?

Korea centralized government

What cultural beliefs did Koreans adopt from China?

Confucian, Buddhist.

How did the aristocracy differ between Korea and China?

Korea limited social mobility

What social structure characterized Vietnam?

Vietnamese women had greater independence

What was the nature of the bureaucracy in Vietnam?

merit-based bureaucracy

What advances in mathematics were made in Dar al-Islam?

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi made trigonomatry

Who was 'A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah?

female muslim poet

What was the time frame for developments in East Asia covered in this study guide?

1200 to c. 1450.

What was a key feature of the Song Dynasty's bureaucracy?

meritocracy

What improvements in medicine and hospital care occurred in cities like Cairo?

doctors study for licenses

How did Islamic society view merchants compared to other societies in Europe and Asia?

mohammad was a merchant, so islam liked them

What advantages did Muslim women have compared to Christian or Jewish women?

inherit property, remarry, cash settlements if divorced, and birth control.

What was the House of Wisdom, and where was it located?

preserved Greek philosophical works in Abbasid Baghdad

What characterized the political stability of Southern India compared to Northern India?

Southern India was more stable, with the Chola Dynasty. Northern India not stable after Gupta Empire.

What was the Delhi Sultanate, and how long did it reign in India?

brought islam to india from the 13th to the 16th centuries.

What were the main differences between Hinduism and Islam prior to the arrival of Islam in South Asia?

Hindus pray to many gods and have a caste system, while Muslims are monotheistic, advocate for equality among believers.

What was the Bhakti Movement in South Asia?

emotional attachment to a deity

What was the Srivijaya Empire, and how did it maintain power?

The Srivijaya Empire was a Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra. controlling sea routes and charging fees for ships.

What characterized the Majapahit Kingdom, and how did it differ from Srivijaya?

The Majapahit Kingdom (1293—1520) controlled sea routes, and was Buddhist, unlike the Hindu Srivijaya.

What was the significance of the Sinhala dynasties in Sri Lanka?

hub for buddhist society

What led to the prosperity of the Khmer Empire?

complex irrigation and drainage

What was the primary religion in South Asia before the arrival of Islam?

hinduism

What was the impact of the caste system in South Asia after the arrival of Islam?

islam could not get rid of the caste system

What role did trade play in the Islamic rule in Spain?

umayyad rulers allowed trade from china and south-east asia

What was the cultural significance of scholarly transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain?

exchange of knowledge

What was the first large-scale civilization in North America?

mississippian

Where did the Mississippian Culture begin?

mississippi river valey

What type of society did the Mississippian Culture have?

class structure based on matrilinial society

When did the Mayan civilization reach its height?

250-900 CE

What was the main political unit of the Mayan civilization?

city states

What did each Mayan king claim regarding his lineage?

descended of a god, divine right

How were Mayan science and religion interconnected?

astronomy

What were the origins of the Aztecs?

migrated to mexico from north in 1200

What significant city did the Aztecs found in 1325?

tenochtitlan

What infrastructure did the Aztecs build in their capital?

aqueducts and pyramids

What type of government did the Aztecs have?

theocracy (religious leaders held power)

What was a major aspect of Aztec worship?

human sacrifice

What role did women play in the Aztec tribute system?

produced high-value cloth

How was the Incan Empire organized?

four provinces, bereaucracy

What system did the Incas use instead of a tributary system?

mit’a system

What does the name 'Inca' mean?

People of the sun.

Who was the most important god in Incan religion?

inti, sun god

What agricultural innovation did the Incas develop?

terrace systems

What major event occurred in 1533 regarding the Incan Empire?

spanish conquered

What was a significant factor in the development of Sub-Saharan Africa?

migration of Bantu from central Africa

How were communities in Sub-Saharan Africa structured?

kin-based

What contributed to the wealth and political power in West and East Africa?

trade and Islam

What was the significance of Mali in the 12th century?

trading society after fall of ghanaian state

What was the economic foundation of Zimbabwe?

gold, trade, agriculture

What was Ethiopia’s religion?

Christian

What social structures were prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Kinship, age, and gender.

What was the impact of the Middle Eastern demand for enslaved workers?

indian ocean slave trade

Who were griots in African society?

storytellers

What was the primary function of feudalism?

security for peasants, workers for lords

How was wealth measured in a feudal system?

land

What was the manorial system?

producing everything needed for those living on the land

How did monarchies change in the later Middle Ages?

more powerful through lords with own militaries

What was the Estates-General?

The Estates-General advised French King

What was the Hundred Years' War?

battle fought between England and France

What significant event occurred in 1054 regarding the Christian Church?

The Great Schism

What role did the Church play in the establishment of universities?

first universities

What led to corruption in the Church during the 13th and 14th centuries?

Wealth and political power

What were the Crusades?

european campaigns against islamic states for the Holy Land

What social class began to grow during the economic changes of the Middle Ages?

middle class

What impact did urbanization have on women during the Middle Ages?

women lost many rights

What characterized the Renaissance period?

revival of Greek and Roman thought

What was the significance of Johannes Gutenberg's movable-type printing press?

allowed mass-production of manuscripts

What was humanism during the Renaissance?

interest in human reform and education

What is an example of a state that revived a former empire with innovations?

Holy Roman Empire

How did the Delhi Sultanate adapt foreign ideas?

It synthesized Islamic and Hindu traditions.

What technological advancement in paper manufacturing occurred during this period?

spread across Eurasia

What impact did the Crusades have on exchange networks?

expanded networks by bringing spices and goods from the east

How did the Mongol Empire affect the Silk Roads?

unified silk road under one ruler

What improvements did the Mongols make to enhance trade on the Silk Roads?

increased safety

What financial innovation did China develop to manage increasing trade?

flying cash and credit system

What was one of the key military advantages of Mongolian soldiers?

strong riders and short bow

What role did cities along trade routes play during this period?

centers of trade

What advancements in transportation contributed to the growth of exchange networks?

saddles, rudder, magnetic compass

How did women's roles vary in different cultures during this period?

convents offered education oppurtunities

What policy did Genghis Khan institute throughout the Mongolian Empire?

religious tolerance

What significant military campaign did Batu Khan lead in 1236?

mongol into russia

What was the name of Batu Khan's army that conquered Russian kingdoms?

The Golden Horde.

What was the impact of resistance to the Mongols on Russia?

It created the foundation for the future modern Russian state.

What was notable about the Mongolian Empire in terms of land area?

It was the largest continuous land empire in history.

What infrastructure did the Mongols build to support trade?

A system of roads and maintained trade routes.

What knowledge did the Mongols transfer to Western Europe?

Greco-Islamic medical knowledge and the Arabic numbering system.

What was one long-term effect of the Mongolian invasions on European states?

They continued or copied the process of centralizing power.

How did Mongol fighting techniques affect Western Europe?

They led to the end of the use of knights in armor.

What was one cause of the expanded exchange in the Indian Ocean?

The spread of Islam connected more cities than ever before.

What role did the demand for specialized products play in the Indian Ocean trade?

It increased trade and exchange.