bio exam

don’t need to answer: you must include these two things in the method

1. Wear appropriate ppe included but not limited to safety goggles, lab coat and enclosed shoes

2. Obtain all equipment required and ensure that the equipment is functional and sterilised to improve the accuracy of the experiment.

what is a substrate - enzyme complex

when enzymes fit together on an active site

what is an active site?

only place the enzyme can fit

what is a catalyst?

a substance that accelerates chemical reactions but remains unchanged, can be reused again

what are enzymes?

enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up rates of reaction.

what is the function of enzymes?

• enzymes change the rate of reactions by bonding to the substrates and either breaking it down or combining it with other substrates to form a product

• Some reactions occur too slowly for cells to survive. Therefore, enzymes are vital to the survival of many cells and the organisms that these cells make up.

what are the bubbles representative of?

enzyme activity

what is the aim of substrate concentration experiment?

to perform an experiment examining the effects of substrate concentration on enzyme activity

write a hypothesis

If the substrate concentration increases, then there will be a continual increase until the saturation point is reached

Independent variable

substrate concentration

dependent variables

height of bubble formation

controlled variables

• size of liver

• type of liver

• amount of hydrogen peroxide

• width of test tube

• amount of laundry detergent

lock and key model

• explains the specificity of enzymes.

• the active site is an exact fit for the substrate.

• the substrate must be complementary to the active site as this is where it binds

induced fit model

• the substrate and enzyme bind at the active site

• states that the substrate changes shape to fit the active site

• the enzyme will return to its original shape

what is the relationship between substrate concentration and enzymes?

linear relationship. As substrate concentration increases a rapid increase in reaction rate is present. more substrate molecules means there is a greater chance of collision

a more concentrated solution…

has more substrate molecules

what is substrate concentration

refers to the amount or concentration of substrate molecules that will attach itself onto an active site

what is saturation point?

when all active sites are full. an increase in concentration will not effect enzyme activity

outside of optimal range what will happen to enzymes

enzymes will denature

what is the catalse?

chicken liver

define reliability and how it can be improved

the consistency of results within an experiment. can be improved through the conduction of various trials and obtaining an average

define validity and how it can be improved

if it tests what is meant to test. having various controls and having only one independent and dependent variables