Anth 1001 Alison Brooks Exam 2

i did my best this is so last minute please look at the study guide

phenotypic matching

kin has similar smells or appearance

contextual matching

familial similarities create closer associations

grooming and coalition formation

paternal ranking affects offspring ranking

parent-offspring conflict

competition between siblings, empathy for parents

reciprocal altruism

kin selection is important/friends are considered kin

amino acid racemization

all amino acids rotate polarized to the left, but when the organism dies they reform at random. some rotate to the left, some to the right so this can determine the age which the organism died

how to tell a male skeleton from a female skeleton?

males have larger skulls with more prominent/square chins and females have wider pelvic traits

magnetic time scale

north and south poles flip causing rock formation thus causing ice ages

what year did pangea drift?

200ma

year year did pangea split into laurasia and gondwanaland?

150ma

pleistocene variation

cooling in the atmosphere leads to continental glaciers and affects sea levels

intrasexual

male to male competition (a+ for effort)

intersexual

male attractiveness (e for extremely hot)

effects of infanticide

reduces fertility and forces mother to resume cycling

apes versus monkeys?

apes are arm-swinging and have more tail muscles whereas monkeys have tails, are more limber and have less mobile hips/shoulders

classification of species

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (dear king phillip came over for good soup)

pair bonded

one male one female (gibbons, some new world monkeys, some strepsirrhines) (monogamy)

one male

one male, multiple females (mountain gorillas, howler monkeys, langur, gelada baboons) (sluts)

multiple male

one female groups (marmosets, tamarins) (man whores)

multiple male, multiple female

(haplorrhines) (promiscuous/orgy)

threats to non-human primates

predatory birds, terrestrial carnivores

threats to human primates

hunting for meat, hunting for pet trade, agriculture expansion, forest clearance, climate change, disease

how are non-mammals different than mammals?

non-mammals have many offspring, lay eggs, rarely protect after birth

how are mammals different than non-mammals?

birth milk, fewer offspring, long pregnancy, internal nourishment through placenta, nourishment after birth

how is a strepsirrhine different than a haplorrhine?

fused upper lip, nocturnal

infraorders of strepsirrhines

lemuriformes (VCL/quadrapedal, noctural, some female dominance) & lorisformes (lorises/galagos, noctural, solitary)

how is a haplorrhine different than a strepsirrhine?

free upper lip, better color vision, larger brains, social groups with one or multiple males

infraorders of haplorrhines

tarsiers (nocturnal, carnivore), platyrrhini (nostrils point out), monkeys (arboreal, bilophodont molars, OWM), apes/humans (no tails, larger brains, braod noses, dietary preferences)

what is a mammal?

hair, milk, constant body temp, diverse, teeth are incisors premolars and molars (3.1.4.3) placenta

7 features of a primate

auditory bulla, grasping hands, front facing eyes, reduced reliance on smell, flat molars, big brain/fewer offspring, social & learned behavior

primitive dental formula for mammals

3.1.4.3

old world primate dental formula

2.1.2.3

new world primate dental formula

2.1.3.3

types of locomotion in primates

quadrupedal, brachiation (arm swinging), VCL (vertical clinging and leaping), knucklewalking, bipedalism

how do primates communicate?

vocal-auditory, olfactory (smell), tactile (grooming), visual, hands

primate taxonomy

animalia, chordata, mammilia, primate

How are such traits favored by natural selection when they cost the one doing it and the benefit of others increasing their fitness at the cost of their own?

kin selection

Hominin vs hominoid

Hominoid is an ape (gibbons), Hominin is a different great ape (orangutans, gorillas, chimps and humans)

cretaceous (oldest/crusty)

136-65ma. first angiosperms (birds, bats rodents)

paleocene

65-55ma. near primates (GRASPING HANDS AND FEET, snout, claws)

eocene period

55.8-33.9ma. FIRST PRIMATES,

What period did S America separate from Pangea

[continent] drifted during the eocene period

When were the first primates seen?

Eocene (Eo-seen[the first primates])

What were the first primates?

omomyidae (tarsiers, galagos, owl monkeys; VCL, insectivorous/frugivores) & adapidae (similar to lemurs; insectivory/frugivory/folivory, quadrapedal)

Oligiocene

33.9-23.5ma. First haplorrhine primates, drop in temp causing Antartica to separate, and Australia/Africa/Arabia (Gondwanaland) from Eurasia

What were the first 3 families of haplorrhine primates?

parapitihcidae (ancestors of OW&NW monkeys, apes); propliopithecidae; aegyptopithecus zeucis/olgiopithecidae

Miocene

23-5.3ma. gradual cooling, India collides with Asia (Himalayas), FIRST HOMININS, FIRST OW MONKEYS & APES

What is used to measure thermometers (ancient temperature)?

oxygen isotopes and carbon isotopes

What dating can provide age in years?

carbon 14, Potassium Argon, volcanic eruption, uranium, luminescene, amino acid racemization

oxygen isotopes

evaporation in hot/dry causes more O2

carbon isotopes

1 heavier than normal carbon (13C), hot/dry causes less plants

carbon 14 (14C)

building block of organic tissue, no more new carbon when something dies so it starts to turn to nitrogen. the less C left the older it is

Potassium-Argon (KAr)

K is in rocks, decays to Ar with age

volcanic eruption dating

heat drives off all Ar (in rocks) and the 40K in KAr turns to 40Ar

Uranium

decay of uranium in bones/teeth/cave formations. U-235 lasts only 705 million years & U-238 lasts 4.5 billion years