Introduction to Anatomy

study of the normal structure of human body and their relationship with one another

Human anatomy

study of the different function of the structure and the involved processes of how they works

Human physiology

study of normal structure big enough to be studied by unaided eye

Gross/ Macroscopic Anatomy

study of specific body system

Systemic anatomy

study of structure by body region

Regional anatomy

study of landmarks in the body surface of different organs

Surface anatomy

study of structure through the use of microscope

Microscopic anatomy

microscopic study of cells

Cytology

study of normal tissues of the body

Histology

study of human body development from fertilization of ovum to the extrauterine period

Embryology

study of normal structure, gross features and development of nervous anatomy

Neuroanatomy

4 division of human anatomy

1. Gross

2. Microscopic

3. Embryology

4. Neuroanatomy

4 different division of human physiology

1. Cell physiology

2. special physiology

3. Systemic physiology

4. Pathologic physiology

cornerstone of human physiology

cell physiology

study of the function of living cells

Cell physiology

study of function of specific organs

Special physiology

all aspects of the functions of specific organ systems

Systemic physiology

the effects of disease on organ or system functions

Pathologic physiology

Maintenance of teh body’s internal environment

Homeostasis

two kinds of homeostasis; differentiate

autoregulation - cell lacks oxygen, chemicals would be released to dilate blood vessels (organ fixes itself)

Extrinsic regulation - nervous system commands increase heart rate to circulate blood faster during exercise (regulated by external system such as hormones and nervous system)

give the 6 essential life processes

1. metabolism

2. growth

3. reproduction

4. responsiveness

5. differentiation

6. movement

all the chemicals processes that occur on the body

Metabolism

the body’s ability to react to changes In environment both internally and externally

Responsiveness

motion occurring inside the human body

Movement

an increase in body size thus, an increase in the size/number of cells

Growth

breaking down of molecules to release energy

Catabolism

the building of molecules to release energy

Anabolism

development of unspecialized cell to a specialized state

Differentiation

formation of new cells for growth, repair, replacement, or reproduction of human being

Reproduction

levels of structural organization

1. chemical level

2. cell level

3. tissue level

4. organ level

5. organ system level

the smallest unit of life

cells

made up of different type of cells

Tissues

tissues that covers and protects

Epithelial tissue

bond and support other tissue

Connective

tissue for movement

Muscle

tissue that produce blood cells

Hemopoietic

grouped organs performing common funciion

systems

describe anatomical postion

1. Standing erect/ upright

2. face directed forward

3. upper limbs by sides; palm facing forward

4. lower limbs together; toes facing forward

1. Superior (cephalic)

2. Inferior (Caudal)

3. Proximal

4. Distal

5. Distal

6. Proximal

7. Medial

8. Lateral

9. Anterior (ventral)

10. Posterior (Dorsal)

11. Proximal

12. Distl

13. Superior (cephalic)

14. inferior (Caudal)

the nose is ____ to the forehead

Inferior

the spine is ___ to the breastbone

Dorsal

the ankle is ____ to the hip

Distal

the nipple is ____ to the breastbone

lateral

the skin is ____ to the muscle

superficial

give the central regions of the body

1. head

2. neck

3. trunk

4. upper limb

5. lower limb

the three rsubegions of trunk region

1. Thoracic

2. Abdomen

3. Pelvis

name the following parts

1. Right hypochondriac region

2. Epigastric region

3. Left hypochondriac region

4. Right lumbar region

5. Umbilical region

6. Left lumbar region

7. Right iliac region

8. Hypogastric region

9. Left iliac region

1. Sagittal plane

2. Coronal plane

3. Transvere plane