Lecture 3
How the process of globalization started?
How did globalization expand?
How crisis affected that expansion?
Roman empire → collapsed
Scattered communities
Conflict between Spain and other Europeans
Europeans expand in North Africa → not very successful
Christian kingdoms
Relative political disunity
Not like in China…
Renaissance
Feudalism - different kinds
Small scale and self-sustained communities
Towns + cities = very small
Unified economic and political system: those who own economic power have political power → Nobles
They are in charge of their community and compete with one another
Not a market economy!
Village owes certain amount of produce to local noble
Every tiny community imposed a toll to pay the nobles, even if you are just passing through them - Extreme protectionism
Doesn’t encourage trade
BUT trade by sea is very attractive!
Build up of maritime capacity → encourage people to invest in this (don’t have to pay toll)
1450: Europe emerges from economic + climate crisis
Farmers had more bargaining power (fewer of them because many died due to the plague)
Agricultural change: move to intensification - produce more things with less people
They used horses for farming
Producing grain in more quantity
England: instead of producing food for themselves, start to raise cows + sheeps → can export more manufactured goods (leather + tools)
New tentative small market system
Portugal: not good terrain to produce food so they start to expand (because they can’t intensify)
Expand to Altantic islands - grow wheat, sugar, fishing stations
These islands are pretty much inhabited
Look for wood - present in largely in Baltic regions
Prices rise = not good for nobles!
Expansion: Atlantic islands + Eastern Europe → increase in food
Overpopulation: increased number of peasants = problem for nobility
Mass expulsion of ethnic communities
Solution: even more expansion…
Peasants
Losing their bargaining power because there are more of them, don’t need them as much because import food!
Enclosure: peasants were kicked off their land (because they didn’t really own it) and it was given to landlords → specialized farming
Landlords: nobles, merchant class
More lawyers and notaries to faciliate trade, which necessitated contracts throug
State could act in a unified way
Merchants + nobles agreed
Was a trading power - had a lot of money/capital
Had mercantile capacity through ships and sailors = were better than others
Started exploring down the African coast
So set up trading posts
Import spices, gold and ivory at a low price from African states
Gold is used to fund further expeditions + further production
Trade horses + manufactured products to African states
Will use Atlantic islands to get to the Americas
Conquered Brazil
1492: Start expeditions - wanted to reach India, reached the Americas
Permanent colony on Haiti (inhabited by Taino) - 1493
Kill everyone by 1530
Creates a state of war → famine → increased susceptibility to diseases + prevent community from bouncing back
Conquer South/Central America
Treaty of Tordesillas: international agreement that splits the world in 2 → 1/2 Portugal, 1/2 Spain (gets more advantage)
Goal: colonize massive portion of the world → business
Globalization
Encomienda: coerced cash-cropped system similar to a slave system - 50-60 years
Forced labour system → tribute system
Not feudalism because it is plugged into the world market economy - exports
Globalization: new system of social ownership, new system of labour, produce goods in America for Spanish markets
Potatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, corn, peanuts = important factors in the European diet so very valuable
Interconnected European market
Europeans can build ships, weapons, trade goods
Expansion to Atlantic islands, Africa
Bring back gold → fund expedititons
Conquest of Central + South America
Building up of capital
How the process of globalization started?
How did globalization expand?
How crisis affected that expansion?
Roman empire → collapsed
Scattered communities
Conflict between Spain and other Europeans
Europeans expand in North Africa → not very successful
Christian kingdoms
Relative political disunity
Not like in China…
Renaissance
Feudalism - different kinds
Small scale and self-sustained communities
Towns + cities = very small
Unified economic and political system: those who own economic power have political power → Nobles
They are in charge of their community and compete with one another
Not a market economy!
Village owes certain amount of produce to local noble
Every tiny community imposed a toll to pay the nobles, even if you are just passing through them - Extreme protectionism
Doesn’t encourage trade
BUT trade by sea is very attractive!
Build up of maritime capacity → encourage people to invest in this (don’t have to pay toll)
1450: Europe emerges from economic + climate crisis
Farmers had more bargaining power (fewer of them because many died due to the plague)
Agricultural change: move to intensification - produce more things with less people
They used horses for farming
Producing grain in more quantity
England: instead of producing food for themselves, start to raise cows + sheeps → can export more manufactured goods (leather + tools)
New tentative small market system
Portugal: not good terrain to produce food so they start to expand (because they can’t intensify)
Expand to Altantic islands - grow wheat, sugar, fishing stations
These islands are pretty much inhabited
Look for wood - present in largely in Baltic regions
Prices rise = not good for nobles!
Expansion: Atlantic islands + Eastern Europe → increase in food
Overpopulation: increased number of peasants = problem for nobility
Mass expulsion of ethnic communities
Solution: even more expansion…
Peasants
Losing their bargaining power because there are more of them, don’t need them as much because import food!
Enclosure: peasants were kicked off their land (because they didn’t really own it) and it was given to landlords → specialized farming
Landlords: nobles, merchant class
More lawyers and notaries to faciliate trade, which necessitated contracts throug
State could act in a unified way
Merchants + nobles agreed
Was a trading power - had a lot of money/capital
Had mercantile capacity through ships and sailors = were better than others
Started exploring down the African coast
So set up trading posts
Import spices, gold and ivory at a low price from African states
Gold is used to fund further expeditions + further production
Trade horses + manufactured products to African states
Will use Atlantic islands to get to the Americas
Conquered Brazil
1492: Start expeditions - wanted to reach India, reached the Americas
Permanent colony on Haiti (inhabited by Taino) - 1493
Kill everyone by 1530
Creates a state of war → famine → increased susceptibility to diseases + prevent community from bouncing back
Conquer South/Central America
Treaty of Tordesillas: international agreement that splits the world in 2 → 1/2 Portugal, 1/2 Spain (gets more advantage)
Goal: colonize massive portion of the world → business
Globalization
Encomienda: coerced cash-cropped system similar to a slave system - 50-60 years
Forced labour system → tribute system
Not feudalism because it is plugged into the world market economy - exports
Globalization: new system of social ownership, new system of labour, produce goods in America for Spanish markets
Potatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, corn, peanuts = important factors in the European diet so very valuable
Interconnected European market
Europeans can build ships, weapons, trade goods
Expansion to Atlantic islands, Africa
Bring back gold → fund expedititons
Conquest of Central + South America
Building up of capital
