Roman empire → collapsed
Conflict between Spain and other Europeans
Europeans expand in North Africa → not very successful
Christian kingdoms
Relative political disunity
Renaissance
1450: Europe emerges from economic + climate crisis
Farmers had more bargaining power (fewer of them because many died due to the plague)
Agricultural change: move to intensification - produce more things with less people
England: instead of producing food for themselves, start to raise cows + sheeps → can export more manufactured goods (leather + tools)
Portugal: not good terrain to produce food so they start to expand (because they can’t intensify)
Prices rise = not good for nobles!
Expansion: Atlantic islands + Eastern Europe → increase in food
Peasants
More lawyers and notaries to faciliate trade, which necessitated contracts throug
State could act in a unified way
Merchants + nobles agreed
Was a trading power - had a lot of money/capital
Had mercantile capacity through ships and sailors = were better than others
Started exploring down the African coast
So set up trading posts
Will use Atlantic islands to get to the Americas
Conquered Brazil
1492: Start expeditions - wanted to reach India, reached the Americas
Permanent colony on Haiti (inhabited by Taino) - 1493
Conquer South/Central America
Treaty of Tordesillas: international agreement that splits the world in 2 → 1/2 Portugal, 1/2 Spain (gets more advantage)
Encomienda: coerced cash-cropped system similar to a slave system - 50-60 years
Globalization: new system of social ownership, new system of labour, produce goods in America for Spanish markets
Interconnected European market
Europeans can build ships, weapons, trade goods
Expansion to Atlantic islands, Africa
Bring back gold → fund expedititons
Conquest of Central + South America
Building up of capital