UNIT 2: 1607-1754

STUDY OR CRY

St. Augustine

Permanent Spanish settlement in present-day Florida

Santa Fe

Used to be settled by American Indians, then colonized by Spain and established as the capital of New Mexico

French Fur Trade

Traders traveled along the interior of North America, purchasing furs gathered by American Indians

Samuel de Champlain

“Father of New France” who founded Quebec

Louis Jolliet/Jacques Marquette

Explored the upper MIssissippi River

Robert de La Salle

Explored the Mississippi Basin, which he named Louisiana

New Orleans

Permanent French settlement where the river entered the Gulf of Mexico; Became a prosperous Trade Center

New Amsterdam

Dutch claims the surrounding area (Hudson River) used for economic gain (New York)

John Cabot

Explored the land that became English claims

Difference in Spanish colonization of North America vs. Central/South America

North American colonization was slower because of limited mineral resources and strong opposition from American Indians

French interactions with Native Americans

Most French colonizers were male traders, who married American Indian women, who then provided valuable service as guides, translators, and negotiators

Similarities and Differences of French vs. Dutch

Similar: Both established permanent settlements for economic purposes/trade in small numbers

Different: Dutch stayed near the coast or along major rivers and intermarried less compared to the French

Internal factors in England that motivated colonization

Population growth was greater than economic growth; Number of poor and landless families were increasing

How English colonies differ from other European colonies

English colonies had more families and single females (aka more diverse) and were more interested in farming. They wanted better lives, religious freedom, claimed American Indian land more often, and were less likely to intermarry.

Virginia Company/Jamestown

First permanent English colony in America founded by Virginia Company, a joint-stock company

Headright System

• 50 acres of land granted to any settler or to anyone who paid for passage for a settler to the colony

• Landowners benefited the most by sponsoring indentured servants

Separatists/Pilgrims

Radical dissenters that wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control and had religious freedom

William Bradford

Strong leader that grew Plymouth slowly

Puritans

• Moderate dissenters who believed that the Church of England could be reformed, or purified

• Sought religious freedom and gained a charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company

John Winthrop/Great Migration

Led a thousand Puritans and sailed for Massachusetts and founded Boston

Push factor for Massachusetts Bay Colony

Religious and political conflict in England

Act of Toleration

• The first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christian

• Called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus

Corporate colonies

Operated by joint-stock companies

Royal colonies

Under direct authority and rule of the king’s government

Proprietary colonies

Under authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king

John Smith and John Rolfe contributions to success of Virginia colony

Efforts led to the development of a variety of tobacco that became popular in Europe and a profitable crop

Massachusetts Bay settlements vs. Virginia settlements

Massachusetts Bay: Moderate dissenters, small towns, and family farms that relied on commerce and agriculture

Virginia: Radical dissenters and established plantations

Rhode Island

• Formed by banished dissenters of Massachusetts Bay’s religious leadership

• Allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Established a representative government with a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chose by that legislature

Frame of Government

Guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners, and a written constitution

Charter of Liberties

Guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration

James Oglethorpe

• Led a group of philanthropists and founded Savannah, Georgia

• Became Georgia’s first governor and banned drinking rum and slavery

House of Burgesses

The first representative assembly in America organized by Virginia’s colonists and was dominated by elite powers

Mayflower Compact

Early form of self-government and a rudimentary written constitution that was signed by the Pilgrims to make decisions by the will of the majority

British motivations for the creation of Georgia

• To create a defensive buffer between South Carolina plantations and Spanish Florida

• A place to send people in England imprisoned for debt and give them a chance to start over

Factors that led to ideas of self-rule in British colonies

• Britain had difficulty exerting tight control over the colonies

• Slow communication

• Britain was often consumed by domestic upheavals and wars with France

Triangular Trade

A system of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that involved the exchange of raw materials, finished goods, and enslaved people

Middle Passage

• Horrendous journey across the Atlantic Ocean

• Africans would be traded for sugarcane in the Indies

Mercantilism

The economic theory that a country’s wealth was determined by how much more it exported than imported

Navigation Acts

• Trade to and from colonies could be carried and operated by English/colonial ships and crews

• All goods imported into the colonies has to pass through England

Items traded with Native Americans

Furs, food, and other goods

Salutary Neglect

England was normally lenient in enforcing regulations

Dominion of New England

• New York, New Jersey, and New England colonies were combined to increase royal control over the colonies

Glorious Revolution

Ended Dominion of New England

Effects of colonial trade with Native Americans

Cultural exchanges: i.e. some Indians adopted Christianity and some colonial men married Indian women

New England Confederation

Colonies were united to have limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of runaway servants, and dealings with American Indians

Metacom’s/King Philip’s War

• King Philip (Metacom) united many southern tribes for war against the colonists and rival tribes due to land disputes due to English settlers encroaching on American Indians’ lands

• When Metacom died, this ended most of the American Indian resistance in New England

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Bacon raised an army of volunteers and conducted a series of raids and massacres against American Indian villages on the frontier

• Bacon and others resented the control exercised by a few large planters in the Chesapeake area

Pueblo Revolt

Various tribes of Pueblo Indians united against the Spanish because Native Americans were forced to labour through the encomienda system

Indentured servants

People under contract with a master/landowner who paid for their passage, and agreed to work for a specific period in return for room and board

Factors that led to SLOW population growth in British colonies

• High death rate

• Disease

• Food shortages

• Battles with American Indians

British West Indies/Brazil

Had the highest number of enslaved people (mostly Africans) for harvesting sugar

Slave Laws

White colonists adopted laws to ensure enslaved workers would be held in bondage for life and that slave status is inherited

Why increase in African slave labor?

• Native Americans escaped too easily

• Not enough Indentured Servants could be found willing to work for low wages

European immigration

• Fleeing religious persecution and wars, or searching for economic opportunity as farmers, artisans, or merchants

• Most immigrants settled in the middle colonies and on the western frontier of the southern colonies

Gender roles

• Colonial men: own property, participate in politics, and unlimited power in the home

• Colonial women: bearing a lot of children, cooking, cleaning, making clothes, providing medical care, and educating children

Population growth in British colonies?

• Immigration

• High birthrate

• Fertile land

• Dependable food supply

New England Colonies

• Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut

• Subsistence farming, logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, rum-distilling

• Tax-supported schools and primary schools

Middle Colonies

• New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania

• Farming wheat and corn, ironmaking, trading

• Church-sponsored or private schools

South Colonies

• Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

• Subsistence farming, plantations (slave labor), tobacco, timber and naval stores, rice, and indigo

• Education relied on parents and on plantations, tutors

Great Awakening

• A movement of feverent expressions of religious feeling among the masses

• Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield

• People started to study the Bible in their homes

• Ministers lost some authority

• People called for SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE!

Enlightenment

• Sovereignty resides with the people, not the state

• Citizens have a right and obligation to revolt against a government that failed to protect their rights

SIgnificance of Lawyers

Argued for colonial rights and their legal arguments would ultimately provide the intellectual underpinnings of the American Revolution

Zenger Case

• John Peter Zenger (publisher) was tried on a charge of libelously criticizing New York’s royal governor

• Andrew Hamilton argued that his client printed the truth

• The jury acquitted Zenger!

John Locke

Natural Laws/Rights: Life, Liberty, and Property

Colonial Governments

• Legislature was voted on (adopt or reject) through lower and upper houses

• Governor was appointed by the crown, elected by the people, or appointed by a proprietor

• Local voting happened in town meetings