Studied by 46 people
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St. Augustine
Permanent Spanish settlement in present-day Florida
Santa Fe
Used to be settled by American Indians, then colonized by Spain and established as the capital of New Mexico
French Fur Trade
Traders traveled along the interior of North America, purchasing furs gathered by American Indians
Samuel de Champlain
“Father of New France” who founded Quebec
Louis Jolliet/Jacques Marquette
Explored the upper MIssissippi River
Robert de La Salle
Explored the Mississippi Basin, which he named Louisiana
New Orleans
Permanent French settlement where the river entered the Gulf of Mexico; Became a prosperous Trade Center
New Amsterdam
Dutch claims the surrounding area (Hudson River) used for economic gain (New York)
John Cabot
Explored the land that became English claims
Difference in Spanish colonization of North America vs. Central/South America
North American colonization was slower because of limited mineral resources and strong opposition from American Indians
French interactions with Native Americans
Most French colonizers were male traders, who married American Indian women, who then provided valuable service as guides, translators, and negotiators
Similarities and Differences of French vs. Dutch
Similar: Both established permanent settlements for economic purposes/trade in small numbers
Different: Dutch stayed near the coast or along major rivers and intermarried less compared to the French
Internal factors in England that motivated colonization
Population growth was greater than economic growth; Number of poor and landless families were increasing
How English colonies differ from other European colonies
English colonies had more families and single females (aka more diverse) and were more interested in farming. They wanted better lives, religious freedom, claimed American Indian land more often, and were less likely to intermarry.
Virginia Company/Jamestown
First permanent English colony in America founded by Virginia Company, a joint-stock company
Headright System
50 acres of land granted to any settler or to anyone who paid for passage for a settler to the colony
Landowners benefited the most by sponsoring indentured servants
Separatists/Pilgrims
Radical dissenters that wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control and had religious freedom
William Bradford
Strong leader that grew Plymouth slowly
Puritans
Moderate dissenters who believed that the Church of England could be reformed, or purified
Sought religious freedom and gained a charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company
John Winthrop/Great Migration
Led a thousand Puritans and sailed for Massachusetts and founded Boston
Push factor for Massachusetts Bay Colony
Religious and political conflict in England
Act of Toleration
The first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christian
Called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus
Corporate colonies
Operated by joint-stock companies
Royal colonies
Under direct authority and rule of the king’s government
Proprietary colonies
Under authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king
John Smith and John Rolfe contributions to success of Virginia colony
Efforts led to the development of a variety of tobacco that became popular in Europe and a profitable crop
Massachusetts Bay settlements vs. Virginia settlements
Massachusetts Bay: Moderate dissenters, small towns, and family farms that relied on commerce and agriculture
Virginia: Radical dissenters and established plantations
Rhode Island
Formed by banished dissenters of Massachusetts Bay’s religious leadership
Allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Established a representative government with a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chose by that legislature
Frame of Government
Guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners, and a written constitution
Charter of Liberties
Guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration
James Oglethorpe
Led a group of philanthropists and founded Savannah, Georgia
Became Georgia’s first governor and banned drinking rum and slavery
House of Burgesses
The first representative assembly in America organized by Virginia’s colonists and was dominated by elite powers
Mayflower Compact
Early form of self-government and a rudimentary written constitution that was signed by the Pilgrims to make decisions by the will of the majority
British motivations for the creation of Georgia
To create a defensive buffer between South Carolina plantations and Spanish Florida
A place to send people in England imprisoned for debt and give them a chance to start over
Factors that led to ideas of self-rule in British colonies
Britain had difficulty exerting tight control over the colonies
Slow communication
Britain was often consumed by domestic upheavals and wars with France
Triangular Trade
A system of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that involved the exchange of raw materials, finished goods, and enslaved people
Middle Passage
Horrendous journey across the Atlantic Ocean
Africans would be traded for sugarcane in the Indies
Mercantilism
The economic theory that a country’s wealth was determined by how much more it exported than imported
Navigation Acts
Trade to and from colonies could be carried and operated by English/colonial ships and crews
All goods imported into the colonies has to pass through England
Items traded with Native Americans
Furs, food, and other goods
Salutary Neglect
England was normally lenient in enforcing regulations
Dominion of New England
New York, New Jersey, and New England colonies were combined to increase royal control over the colonies
Glorious Revolution
Ended Dominion of New England
Effects of colonial trade with Native Americans
Cultural exchanges: i.e. some Indians adopted Christianity and some colonial men married Indian women
New England Confederation
Colonies were united to have limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of runaway servants, and dealings with American Indians
Metacom’s/King Philip’s War
King Philip (Metacom) united many southern tribes for war against the colonists and rival tribes due to land disputes due to English settlers encroaching on American Indians’ lands
When Metacom died, this ended most of the American Indian resistance in New England
Bacon’s Rebellion
Bacon raised an army of volunteers and conducted a series of raids and massacres against American Indian villages on the frontier
Bacon and others resented the control exercised by a few large planters in the Chesapeake area
Pueblo Revolt
Various tribes of Pueblo Indians united against the Spanish because Native Americans were forced to labour through the encomienda system
Indentured servants
People under contract with a master/landowner who paid for their passage, and agreed to work for a specific period in return for room and board
Factors that led to SLOW population growth in British colonies
High death rate
Disease
Food shortages
Battles with American Indians
British West Indies/Brazil
Had the highest number of enslaved people (mostly Africans) for harvesting sugar
Slave Laws
White colonists adopted laws to ensure enslaved workers would be held in bondage for life and that slave status is inherited
Why increase in African slave labor?
Native Americans escaped too easily
Not enough Indentured Servants could be found willing to work for low wages
European immigration
Fleeing religious persecution and wars, or searching for economic opportunity as farmers, artisans, or merchants
Most immigrants settled in the middle colonies and on the western frontier of the southern colonies
Gender roles
Colonial men: own property, participate in politics, and unlimited power in the home
Colonial women: bearing a lot of children, cooking, cleaning, making clothes, providing medical care, and educating children
Population growth in British colonies?
Immigration
High birthrate
Fertile land
Dependable food supply
New England Colonies
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut
Subsistence farming, logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, rum-distilling
Tax-supported schools and primary schools
Middle Colonies
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania
Farming wheat and corn, ironmaking, trading
Church-sponsored or private schools
South Colonies
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
Subsistence farming, plantations (slave labor), tobacco, timber and naval stores, rice, and indigo
Education relied on parents and on plantations, tutors
Great Awakening
A movement of feverent expressions of religious feeling among the masses
Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield
People started to study the Bible in their homes
Ministers lost some authority
People called for SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE!
Enlightenment
Sovereignty resides with the people, not the state
Citizens have a right and obligation to revolt against a government that failed to protect their rights
SIgnificance of Lawyers
Argued for colonial rights and their legal arguments would ultimately provide the intellectual underpinnings of the American Revolution
Zenger Case
John Peter Zenger (publisher) was tried on a charge of libelously criticizing New York’s royal governor
Andrew Hamilton argued that his client printed the truth
The jury acquitted Zenger!
John Locke
Natural Laws/Rights: Life, Liberty, and Property
Colonial Governments
Legislature was voted on (adopt or reject) through lower and upper houses
Governor was appointed by the crown, elected by the people, or appointed by a proprietor
Local voting happened in town meetings
