unit 2 vocab

agreement

an arrangement, a promise or a contract made with somebody

to annex

to take control of a country, region, etc., especially by force

artillery

large, heavy guns which are often moved on wheels

to back down

to take back a demand, an opinion, etc. that other people are strongly opposed to; to admit defeat

to declare

to say something officially or publicly

to interfere

to get involved in and try to influence a situation that should not really involve you, in a way that annoys other people

to invade

to enter a country, town, etc. using military force in order to take control of it

to mobilise

if a country mobilizes its army, or if a country or army mobilizes, it makes itself ready to fight in a war

outbreak

the sudden start of something unpleasant, especially violence or a disease

to protect

to make sure that somebody/something is not harmed, injured, damaged, etc.

to spark (a conflict)

to cause something to start or develop, especially suddenly

strategically

in a way that is connected with getting an advantage in a war or other military situation

tension

a situation in which the fact that there are different needs or interests causes difficulties

to threaten

to be a danger to something

trench(es)

a long, deep hole dug in the ground, for example for carrying away water

invasion

the act of an army entering another country by force in order to take control of it

threat

the possibility of trouble, danger or disaster

trench warfare

a type of land warfare using occupied lines largely comprising military trenches,

barely

in a way that is just possible but only with difficulty

brutal

violent and cruel

casualty

a member of an army who is killed, wounded, or captured

to conduct (a survey)

to organize and/or do a particular activity

desperate

feeling or showing that you have little hope and are ready to do anything without worrying about danger to yourself or others

hostility

aggressive or unfriendly feelings or behaviour

to launch (a campaign)

to start an activity, especially an organized one

nationalism

the desire by a group of people who share the same ethnic group, culture, language, etc. to form an independent country

stalemate

a disagreement or a situation in a competition in which neither side is able to win or make any progress

survey

the act of examining and recording the measurements, features, etc. of an area of land in order to make a map or plan of it

to withdraw

to move back or away from a place or situation; to make somebody/something do this

worldwide

affecting all parts of the world

to survey

the act of examining and recording the measurements, features, etc. of an area of land in order to make a map or plan of it

civilian

a person who is not a member of the armed forces or the police

duty

something that you feel you have to do because it is your moral or legal responsibility

to enlist

to join the armed forces; to make somebody join the armed forces

independent

confident and free to do things without needing help from other people

memento

a thing that you keep or give to somebody to remind you or them of a person or place

prisoner of war

a person, usually a member of the armed forces, who is captured by the enemy during a war and kept in a prison camp until the war has finished

to rage

to continue in a violent way

to serve

to work or perform duties for a person, an organization, a country, etc.; to spend a period of time in a particular job

veteran

a person who has a lot of experience in a particular area or activity

conscription

the practice of ordering people by law to join the armed forces

demand

the desire or need of customers for goods or services that they want to buy or use

eligible

a person who is able to have or do it because they have the right qualifications, are the right age, etc.

exemption

official permission not to do something or pay something that you would normally have to do or pay

to explore

to examine a subject or a possibility completely or carefully in order to find out more about it

to force

to make somebody do something that they do not want to do

to grant

to agree to give somebody what they ask for, especially formal or legal permission to do something

propaganda

ideas or statements that may be false or present only one side of an argument that are used in order to gain support for a political leader, party, etc.

to report

to present a written or spoken account of an event in a newspaper, on television, etc.

survivor

a person who continues to live, especially despite being nearly killed or experiencing great danger or difficulty

the front line

an area where the enemies are facing each other during a war and where fighting takes place

(to be) under attack

to be in the process of being attacked

to survive

to continue to live or exist despite a dangerous event or time

ammunition

a supply of bullets, etc. to be fired from guns

brainwashing

the activity of forcing somebody to accept your ideas or beliefs, for example by repeating the same thing many times or by preventing the person from thinking clearly

censorship

​the act or policy of censoring books, etc.

compulsory

that must be done because of a law or a rule

to denounce

to strongly criticize somebody/something that you think is wrong, illegal, etc.

to deteriorate

to become worse

effective

​producing the result that is wanted or intended; producing a successful result

to eliminate

to remove or get rid of something

loyal

remaining constant in your support of somebody/something

movement (as in: group of people, such as the Hitler Youth movement)

a group of people who share the same ideas or aims

to obey

to do what you are told or expected to do

to oppose

to disagree strongly with somebody’s plan, policy, etc. and try to change it or prevent it from succeeding

to persecute

to treat somebody in a cruel and unfair way, especially because of their race, religion or political beliefs

to promote

to help sell a product, service, etc. or make it more popular by advertising it or offering it at a special price

slogan

​a word or phrase that is easy to remember, used for example by a political party or in advertising to attract people’s attention or to suggest an idea quickly

effectively

in a way that produces the intended result or a successful result

effectiveness

the fact of producing the result that is wanted or intended; the fact of producing a successful result

loyalty

the quality of being constant in your support of somebody/something

badge

small piece of metal or plastic, with a design or words on it, that a person wears or carries to show that they belong to an organization, support something, have achieved something, have a particular rank, etc.

compulsory

that must be done because of a law or a rule

to drop out

​to no longer take part in or be part of something

to identify with

o feel that you can understand and share the feelings of somebody else

illegal

​not allowed by the law

to impose

to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used

independence

the freedom to organize your own life, make your own decisions, etc. without needing help from other people

to outlaw

to make something illegal

to refuse

to say or show that you will not do something that somebody has asked you to do

to dedicate

to give a lot of your time and effort to a particular activity or purpose because you think it is important

deserter

a person who leaves the army, navy, etc. without permission

to hail

to describe somebody/something as being very good or special, especially in newspapers, etc.

to hang

to kill somebody by tying a rope around their neck and allowing them to drop; to be killed in this way

ideology

a set of ideas that an economic or political system is based on

to provoke

to cause a particular reaction or have a particular effect

to recall

to remember something

resistance

the act of using force to oppose somebody/something

shelter

the fact of having a place to live or stay, considered as a basic human need

equality

the fact of being equal in rights, status, advantages, etc.

irony

the funny or strange aspect of a situation that is very different from what you expect; a situation like this

long-term

over a long period of time

to master

to learn or understand something completely

outcome

​the result or effect of an action or event

overseas

to or in a foreign country, especially those separated from your country by the sea or ocean

policy

a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business, etc.

rank (as in: military rank)

the position, especially a high position, that somebody has in a particular organization, society, etc.

to recall

to remember something

regime

a method or system of government, especially one that has not been elected in a fair way

regulation

an official rule made by a government or some other authority