AP Human Geography Unit Four

Gerrymandering

The majority party in power of the state legislature redraws the districts to give them a partisan advantage

Gerrymandering: Packing

Making a single district full of the opposing party voters, so that the other districts would have more votes for the party that they want to win

Gerrymandering: Cracking

Spreading out the opposition party voter through many districts, so majority of voters will be the party they want to win

Majority/Minority districts

Minorities are the majority voters in a district; race is often a major factor in determining which party you will vote for

Unitary States

Unitary governments hold almost all authority. Very little power is given to the local governments.

Central government makes all laws

Laws and policies are applied uniformly through the country

Central government can create or abolish local government units

Central government provides many public services, I.E., healthcare, public schools, ect.

Examples: United Kingdom, France, China, and others. Most bigger countries are bigger areas

Federal Governments

Federal governments share political power with lower levels of governments

Central government makes some laws, but most laws are passed at state level

Laws and policies differ between jurisdictions

Central government cannot create or abolish local government units

Local governments provide public services

Examples: United States, Canada, Australia, Russia, Nigeria

Devolution

Breaking up of a state into smaller units or the passing of power from central to lower governments

Spain-Catalonia, Basque

Yugoslavia into Balkan states

Quebec and Nunavut, Canada

Belgium

Ethnic separatism

When there are many ethnic groups in a country and one ethnic group wants stronger political power, especially if there is a history of self rule

Examples: Basque, Catalans, Kurds, South Ossetia and Abkhazia

Ethnic cleansing

The deliberate removal or killing of a particular ethnic group

Yugoslavia, Holocaust, Rwandan genocide, Rohingya

Supernatural Organization

An alliance of three or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals or to address an issue or challenge

Example: The European Union, NATO, the United Nations

Centrifugal forces

A force that pulls a country apart

Wars

Languages

Religions

Centripetal force

A force that brings a country together

9/11

Attacks

Nationalism

Economies of sale

Cost reductions that occur when production rates rise

Ethno nationalism

A form of nationalism where the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity

Brexit

The exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union

European Union

Formed after a series of smaller organizations came together to build economic and security alliances in the wake of world war ll

United Nations

Established in October, 1945, and based on concepts of the League of Nations. The UN wants to push for respecting human rights, solving international economic, social, cultural, humanitarian and environmental problems and focus of committing to promote economic and social development throughout the world

Reapportionment

The redistribution of representative seats among states based on shifts in population and the U.S. Census that happens every twenty years, calculating the U.S population and giving more seats to states with higher population, and taking seats away from states with declining population

Redistricting

The redrawing of internal territorial and political boundaries

Electoral college

A set of people, called elections who are chosen to elect the president and vice president of the United Nations

Concurrent powers

Sharing authority

Superimposed Boundries

A border drawn over existing accepted borders by an outside or conquering force.

In summary, forced boundaries.

Ex. Africa, Post Berlin Cofefense

Modern state of Isreal

Antecedent Boundary

A border established before an area becomes heavily settled by humans

Example; US and Canada border, French- Spanish border along the Pyrenees

Administer

To manage the way borders are maintained and how goods and people cross them

Example: North and South Korea

Relic Boundary

A former boundary that no longer has an official function

No longer there Functional, these serve as a reminder of a line that one divided a space

Example: the Berlin Wall

Demarcate

To place physical objects such as stones, Pillars, walls, or fences to indicate where a boundary exists. Demarcation boundaries are VISUAL and can be clearly seen by peoples

Example: the Rio Grande that deprecated the U.S and Mexico

The Berlin Wall

The area between North and South Korea

Demarcated, means MARKED

Consequent Boundary

A type of Subsequent boundary that takes into account the difference that exist within a cultural landscape separating groups that have distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, or other traits

Naturally occurring

Means CULTURE

Cultural divide

Example: Northern Ireland, a mostly Protestant Land

Republic of Ireland-mostly catholic, so religious divide

Defined

To explicitly state in legally binding documents such as a treaty where boundaries are located using reference points such as natural features or lines of latitude and longitude

Example: Guatemala getting freedom from Spain

Exclusive Economic Zone

An area that extends 200 Nautical miles from a states coast

A state has sole access to resources found within the waters or beneath the sea floor of its EEZ

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

The international agreement that established the structure of maritime boundaries

Delimit

Draw

Delimit means to draw boundaries on a map

Example: USA and Mexico 1848 treaty

The boundaries for the Joliet School districts is an example of a delimit since the boundaries were drawn on maps

Subsequent Boundaries

Lines that result from a conflict or major cultural change such as war or migration

Example: Germany - Poland after 1945

Self Determination

The right of all people to choose their own political status

Devolution

The process that occurs when the central power in a state is broken up among regional authority within its borders

Sovereignty

The right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders

Example: Sweedan

Imperialism

The push to create an empire by exercising force or influence to control other nations or people

Example: European empire Spanish empire

Berlin Conference

The Berlin conference extracted wealth and established export driven economics

Example: Africa

Colonialism

The practice of claiming and dominating overseas territories

Spain and Europe colonized many places around the world and had very large empires

Neocolonialism

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies

Examples might include Africa. Africa used to be dependent, and are now trying to only rely on their selves, but having trouble

Shatterbelt

A region where states form, join, and break up because of ongoing violent conflicts among parties and because they are caught between the interests of more powerful outside states

Example: Yugoslavia, India and Pakistan, the Soviet Union

Choke point

A narrow, strategic passageway to another place through which is difficult to pass

Example: oil plant in Asia by Iran

Territoriality

The attempt to influence or control people and events by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area, the correction of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land.

Example- A state has territorial rights

A schools mascots and football field

Semiautonomous

Describing a region that is given partial autonomy to govern its territories independently from the national government.

Example: Hong Kong

Autonomous

Having the authority to govern territories independently of the national government

Example: Quebec

Multi national state

A country with various ethnicities and cultures living inside its borders

Example: United States

Irredentism

Attempts by a state to acquire territories in neighboring states inhabited by people of the same nation

Example: Russia with Ukraine

Multi state nation

People who share a cultural or ethnic background but live in more than one country

Example- Russians

Nation States

A politically organized and recognized territory composed of a group of people who consider themselves to be a nation

Example: Japan, France

Political Geography

The study of the ways in which the world is organized as a reflection of the power different groups hold over territory

Example: China doesn’t recognize the Island of Tawain

State

A politically organized independent territory with a government defined borders and a permanent population

In simpler terms, a Country

Example: Japan, China, France, Spain, Russia, ect.

Nation

A cultural entity made up of people who have forged a common identity through a shared language, religion, heritage, or ethnicity, often all of these things.

Example: Nation equals people

The Welsh, the Chinese, the Japanese, the French

Stateless nation

A people United by culture, language, history, and tradition, but not possessing a state

Example: Kurds, Kashmiris, Palestinian people, Kossovars, Rohingya