Jerusalem Final

Aelia Capitolina (Hadrianic Jerusalem)

Roman city established by Hadrian after the Second Jewish Revolt (132-135 AD), built on the ruins of the Jewish Temple.

66-70 AD

First Jewish Revolt against Rome

132-135 AD

Second Jewish Revolt against Rome

Syria-Palestina

Roman province established by Hadrian after the Second Jewish Revolt, encompassing Judea.

Pubilus Aelius Hadrianus

Roman Emperor from 117–138 AD, responsible for the establishment of Aelia Capitolina in Jerusalem.

Capitoline Jupiter

Roman god associated with the Roman pantheon, worshipped in Aelia Capitolina.

The Madaba Map

Mosaic map of Jerusalem, created in 600 AD, oriented toward the rising sun with Greek labels.

Byzantine Period (324-640 AD)

Period of Roman rule under Emperor Constantine, marking the legalization of Christianity.

Church of the Holy Sepulcher (335 AD)

Christian church built by Constantine in 335 AD on the site of Jesus' crucifixion, burial, and resurrection.

Martyrium

Christian structure built around a martyr’s tomb, particularly in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

Omphalos

The symbolic 'center of the world' in Jerusalem, linked to the Holy of Holies in the Jewish Temple.

Jerusalem Syndrome

A psychotic disorder where individuals believe they are religious figures, particularly the Messiah, in Jerusalem.

Jerusalem in the Arts

Art depicting Jerusalem in the 19th century, including paintings and photography, contributing to its religious iconography.

Jerusalem vs. Tel Aviv

Jerusalem as a serious, religious city in contrast to Tel Aviv's secular, light-hearted nature.

Commodification

The process of turning something into a marketable product, such as Jerusalem's religious and cultural significance.

Selling Jerusalem

The commercialization of Jerusalem through relics, souvenirs, and replicas, including Templar and Crusader-inspired temples.

Sacri Monti

Sacred mountains in Northern Italy that became pilgrimage alternatives during the Middle Ages.

19th-Century Lithographs

Lithographs used in the 19th century as substitutes for actual pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

Relics

Physical items associated with religious figures or events, often sold or used as gifts in Jerusalem.

The Passion of the Christ (2003)

The film that reconstructs Jerusalem as a religious commodity, emphasizing its spiritual and commercial aspects.

Cestius Gallus (66 AD)

Roman legate in Syria in 66 AD, leading the initial efforts to suppress the Jewish revolt.

Siege of Jotapata (67 AD)

The siege of the Jewish stronghold of Jotapata, detailed by Jewish historian Josephus.

Vespasian & Titus

Roman generals during the revolt. Vespasian later became emperor, and Titus oversaw the destruction of the Second Temple.

Destruction of the Second Temple (70 AD)

The destruction of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus in 70 AD.

Josephus

Jewish historian who chronicled the First Jewish Revolt and its aftermath, writing the 'Jewish War'.

Flavian Dynasty

Roman emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, known for their role in the destruction of Jerusalem and the construction of the Colosseum.

The Arch of Titus

Roman monument celebrating Titus' victory over the Jews, depicting the sacking of Jerusalem and the carrying of the Menorah.

The Western (Wailing) Wall

The remaining part of the Second Temple, considered one of the holiest sites in Judaism.

The Separation Wall

The barrier built by Israel separating Palestinian territories from Israeli-controlled areas, symbolizing political division.

Post-War in Jerusalem

Theme exploring the aftermath of conflict, including rebuilding and redefining cities after war, particularly in Jerusalem.

Constantine

Roman Emperor who legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire. He built several churches, including the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem.

Battle at Milvian Bridge (312 AD)

Battle fought in 312 AD between Constantine and Maxentius, leading to Constantine's victory and his conversion to Christianity.

Temple to Aphrodite

The pagan temple dedicated to Aphrodite, later replaced by the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, marking Christian dominance over Roman paganism.

Rotunda

The circular structure within the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, symbolizing the tomb of Jesus and central to Christian pilgrimage.

Edicule

A small, central structure within the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, believed to house the tomb of Jesus. Similar to the Holy of Holies in its symbolic significance.

Temple traditions transferred to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher

Christian temple traditions adopted in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, including its symbolic connection to the Jewish Temple.

Entry of bishop into tomb

The act of a bishop entering the tomb, mimicking the high priest’s entry into the Jewish Holy of Holies.

Titus' Victory Parade in Rome

Roman celebration marking the military triumph of Titus, including the sacking of Jerusalem and the carrying of sacred Jewish artifacts, like the Menorah.

Flavian Dynasty

Roman imperial family during the 1st century AD, including Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, who ruled after the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

Vespasian and Titus' Roman Victory

The military and cultural victories of Vespasian and Titus, celebrating the conquest of Jerusalem and the fall of the Jewish revolt.

Josephus' Apologetics

Jewish historian and military leader who defected to the Romans, writing the 'Jewish War' and advocating Roman actions in the conflict.

The Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum)

The amphitheater in Rome built under the Flavian emperors, commonly known as the Colosseum, symbolizing Roman power and Roman imperial culture.

Titus' Role in Saving the Temple

Titus’ efforts to preserve the Jewish Temple from destruction, though ultimately unsuccessful as the Temple was razed in 70 AD.

Josephus' Writings Preserved by Christians

Josephus’ writings, particularly 'The Jewish War', which were largely preserved by Christian scholars, but excluded from Jewish tradition due to his perceived collaboration with Rome.

The Western (Wailing) Wall as Sacred Site

The sacred site of the Jewish Second Temple, later known as the Wailing Wall, which is still a center of Jewish worship and pilgrimage.

The Separation Wall's Political Impact

The wall constructed by Israel to separate Palestinian territories from Israeli-controlled areas. It remains a highly contentious symbol in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

The Dome of the Rock

The Islamic shrine in Jerusalem, built over the site traditionally believed to be where the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven.

Golgotha and Mount Moriah

The hill in Jerusalem traditionally believed to be the site of Jesus' crucifixion, associated with Mount Moriah in Jewish tradition as the site of Abraham’s sacrifice.

The Holy of Holies

The Holy of Holies, the inner sanctum of the Jewish Temple, symbolized in the architecture and rituals of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

The Church's Conversion from Basilica to Christian Sacred Site

The transformation of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher from a Roman basilica to a Christian holy site, marking the Christianization of the Roman Empire.

The Identification of Golgotha with Mount Moriah

The church built over the site of Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection, believed to be aligned with Mount Moriah, deepening its theological significance.

The Church of the Holy Sepulcher as a Martyrium

The Church of the Holy Sepulcher, dedicated to Christian martyrdom, housing the tomb of Jesus and serving as a focal point for Christian pilgrimage.