Ap Psych Unit 5: Memory

memory

learning that has persisted over time

encode

get information into our brain

storage

the retention of encoded information over time

Retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

long-term memory

theoretically unlimited capicity

the relatively permanent storage of information

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

echoic memory

auditory sensory memory

iconic memory

visual sensory memory

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly

7+/- 2

working memory

active maintenance of information in short-term storage

makes sense of new information and links it with long term memory

declarative memory

It refers to memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and events.

semantic memory

facts

effortful

episodic memory

memory for one's personal past experiences

low effort

procedural memory

A type of long-term memory of how to perform different actions and skills

non-declarative memory

support skill and habit learning, perceptual priming, and other forms of behavior, which are expressed through performance rather than recollection.

dual track memory

explicit memories and implicit memories

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

visual encoding

the encoding of picture images

accoustic encoding

encoding of sound

semantic encoding

the encoding of meaning

self refrence effect

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

Chunking

organizing items into meaningful units

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Peg System

employs key words that are paired with numbers

hierarchy

organize words into hierarchical groups

memory palace

mental images are attached to familiar location that is imagined in the mind's eye

forgetting curve

if not rehearsed, forgetting occurs rapidly but then levels off

Ebbinghaus

created the forgetting curve and serial position effect in memory

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

primacy effect

tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows

recency effect

tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information

frontal and temporal lobes

long term storage

declarative/ explicit memories processed in

hippocampus

memory consolidation

the neural storage of a long-term memory

nondeclarative/implicit memory are processed in our

cerebellum and basal ganglia

long-term potentiation

gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation

retrospective memory

memory of the past

prospective memory

remembering to do things in the future

flashbulb memories

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

recall

retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time

recognition

notice something that has been learned previously

retrieval cues

Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior

rosy retrospection

The remembering of the past as having been better than it really was.

Tip-of-theTongue Phenomenon

The inability to recall a word while knowing it is in memory.

deja vu

Retrieval cues from a current situation may trigger retrieval of an earlier, similar experience

misinformation effect

when misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event

context dependent

environment in which something is learned serves as cue for retrieval

retrieval failure

the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues

retroactive interference

new information interferes with old

proactive interference

old information interferes with the new

amnesia

disruption of explicit ( declarative) memories

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information before a trauma

anterograde amnesia

inability to remember information after a trauma

reconsolidation

memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again

source amnesia

attributing an event to the wrong source

concepts (schemas)

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

prototype

mental image or best example of a category

convergent

linear thought pattern

divergent

many different answers

algorithm

a procedure that guarantees the correct solution to a problem

heuristic

mental shortcut that is prone to errors

availability heuristic

judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that initially come to mind

representative heuristic

judge likelihood by comparing it to a prototype

anchoring heuristic

rely on initial information when making a judgement

confirmation bias

when seeking info that supports preconceptions

fixation

inability to see a problem fro, a different perspective

mental set

how we think

perceptual set

what we percieve

overconfidence

more confident than correct

belief perseverance

the tendency to cling to beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

framing

the way an issue is worded