Breakdown Of Questions

• 30 questions on general network terminology and concepts

• 15 questions on network operating system concepts

• 15 questions on network security

• 15 questions on equipment for network access (Wi-Fi, wireless)

• 10 questions on OSI model functionality

• 15 questions on network topologies and connectivity

General Network Terminology and Concepts

• Purposes of installing a network include communication, resource sharing, centralized management, remote access, and data backup.

• Benefits of installing a network include automation, cost reduction, collaboration, scalability, and instant access to information.

• Risks of installing a network involve security threats, data privacy issues, and downtime impacts.

Types of Networks

• Local Area Network (LAN) is limited to a small area and used for communication and resource sharing.

• Wide Area Network (WAN) covers a larger geographic area and connects multiple branches.

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) covers a city or metropolitan area and is used for high-speed internet access.

Basic Networking Terminology and Concepts

• Definitions of network, node, protocol, IP address, router, switch, gateway, bandwidth, firewall, and DNS.

Network Operating Systems

• Novell NetWare, Linux, and Apple macOS Server are examples of network operating systems.

Relationship Between Computer Networks and Communications Networks

• Integration of digital technologies like VoIP for data and voice communication.

• Shared infrastructure, interoperability standards, and security measures for seamless communication.

Network Environments

• Peer-to-peer, client-server, thin client, n-tier, internetworks, intranets, and extranets.

• Characteristics and applications of each network environment.

Peer-to-Peer and Client-Server Networks

• Advantages and disadvantages of P2P and client-server networks in terms of decentralization, security, scalability, and reliability.

Services Delivered by a Server

• Application server, communication server, domain/directory server, fax server, file and print server, mail server, and web server.

• Functions and examples of each type of server.

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• Microsoft Active Directory, LDAP servers, Novell eDirectory

  • Examples of directory services used for user authentication and authorization.

• Fax Server

  • Facilitates sending and receiving fax messages over a network.

  • Converts digital documents to fax format and vice versa.

  • Examples include software-based and hardware-based fax servers.

• File and Print Server

  • Stores and manages shared files and folders.

  • Provides centralized file storage and access control for users and applications.

  • Examples include Windows File Server, NFS servers, and CUPS print servers.

• Mail Server

  • Handles email services for users and domains.

  • Examples include SMTP servers for outgoing email and IMAP/POP3 servers for incoming email.

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• Web Server

  • Hosts and serves web pages, applications, and content over the internet.

  • Examples include Apache HTTP Server, Nginx, and Microsoft IIS.

• Printer Service

  • Utilizes Print Management Software for managing printers and print jobs.

  • Print Server is responsible for managing and processing print requests.

• DNS Service

  • DNS Server Software implements the DNS protocol for translating domain names into IP addresses.

  • DNS Server resolves domain names to IP addresses and vice versa.

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• DHCP Service

  • DHCP Server Software automates the assignment of IP addresses and network configuration parameters.

  • DHCP Server dynamically assigns IP addresses and network settings to client devices.

• Internet Services

  • Web Server Software hosts web pages and handles HTTP requests.

  • Internet Server hosts and serves web content and applications over the internet.

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• Incident Tracking System

  • Used to log, track, and manage incidents reported by users.

  • Key features include ticket creation, assignment, status tracking, and escalation procedures.

• Knowledge Database

  • Repository of information, solutions, articles, and troubleshooting steps.

  • Features include search capabilities, version control, collaboration, and self-service portal.

• Staffing and Resource Allocation

  • Involves allocating help desk staff, technicians, and resources to manage incidents and provide support services.

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• ISP Role

  • Provides internet connectivity, network infrastructure, data transmission, IP address allocation, internet access plans, email and web hosting, technical support, security services, and compliance with regulations.

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• DNS, DHCP, WINS, and Host Files

  • DNS (Domain Name System)

    • Translates domain names into IP addresses and vice versa.

    • Facilitates routing of network traffic between devices.

  • DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

    • Dynamically assigns IP addresses and network settings to client devices.

    • Automates IP address allocation and simplifies network administration.

  • WINS (Windows Internet Name Service)

    • Legacy service for resolving NetBIOS computer names to IP addresses in Windows networks.

  • Host Files

    • Maps IP addresses to hostnames or specifies local network configurations.

    • Provides a local DNS-like mechanism for mapping hostnames to IP addresses.

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• Current Protocols

  • AppleTalk, TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NETBEUI, DHCP

    • Different protocols used for network communication and addressing.

Network Protocols and Standards

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• AppleTalk:

  • Legacy networking protocol by Apple for Macintosh computers.

  • Facilitated communication and file sharing in early Macintosh networks.

  • Key Points:

    • Used in older Macintosh networks.

    • Provided file sharing, printer sharing, and network communication.

    • Replaced by modern protocols like TCP/IP.

• TCP/IP:

  • Standard networking protocol suite for internet and modern networks.

  • Includes TCP, IP, UDP, ICMP, and others.

  • Key Points:

    • Widely used in today's internet.

    • Provides reliable communication and network functions.

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• IPX/SPX:

  • Networking protocol suite by Novell for NetWare networks.

  • Used in older Novell NetWare networks.

  • Provided file sharing, print sharing, and network communication.

• NETBEUI:

  • Legacy protocol by IBM and Microsoft for Windows-based LANs.

  • Used in older Windows-based LANs for file and printer sharing.

• DHCP:

  • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for automated IP address assignment.

  • Key Points:

    • Widely used in modern networks.

    • Simplifies network administration.

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• IEEE:

  • Develops standards for networking and communications.

  • Standards like Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth ensure interoperability.

• RFCs:

  • Documents by Internet Engineering Task Force for internet standards.

  • Cover TCP/IP protocols, security protocols, and more.

• ISO:

  • Develops standards for networking and telecommunications globally.

  • Provides guidelines for reliable and secure networking solutions.

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• NIC:

  • Establishes physical connection between device and network.

  • Manages network protocols and communication processes.

• MAC Address:

  • Unique identifier for network interfaces.

  • Used for addressing and identifying devices in networks.

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• MAC Address Uses:

  • Addressing and identifying devices at the data link layer.

  • Used in network security and troubleshooting.

Network Media Terminology

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• Shielding:

  • Protects network cables from electromagnetic interference.

• Crosstalk:

  • Unwanted interference between adjacent conductors.

• Attenuation:

  • Reduction in signal strength during transmission.

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• Broadband:

  • High-speed internet access with faster data rates.

• ISDN:

  • Digital network for voice, video, and data transmission.

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SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service)

• High-speed data transmission service

• Speeds from 1.544 Mbps to 44.736 Mbps

• Used for transmitting large data volumes over WANs

• Key Features:

  • High-speed data transmission (up to T3 speeds)

  • Connects LANs over WAN for data replication, file transfer, multimedia streaming

  • Replaced by technologies like MPLS

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

• High-speed networking technology

• Uses fixed-size cells for data transmission

• Provides high bandwidth and low latency

• Key Features:

  • Data transfer rates up to 622 Mbps and beyond

  • Supports voice, video, and data services with Quality of Service

  • Used in telecommunications networks, backbone networks, and high-performance computing

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FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

• High-speed LAN technology using fiber-optic cables

• Provides high reliability and fault tolerance

• Data rates up to 100 Mbps (DAS) or 200 Mbps (SAS)

• Ring topology for fault tolerance

• Commonly used in mission-critical environments and backbone networks

Network Connectors

• RJ45 and RJ11 for different purposes

• ST/SC/LC connectors for fiber-optic networking

• MT-RJ for high-density fiber-optic installations

• USB connectors for various peripherals and devices

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Network Connectors (cont.)

• RJ45 for Ethernet, RJ11 for telephones

• ST uses twist lock, SC uses push-pull, LC has latch mechanism

• MT-RJ combines two fibers into a single connector

• USB Type-A, Type-B, and Type-C for different devices

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Network Tools

• Network Monitoring Tools like Wireshark, Nagios

• Ping and Traceroute for network connectivity

• Network Protocol Analyzers for packet analysis

• Command-Line Tools for diagnostics and troubleshooting

• Network Testing Tools for performance measurement

• Remote Access and Management Tools for device management

• Documentation and Configuration Management for network documentation

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Network Tools (cont.)

• Ping measures round-trip time

• Traceroute displays network path

• Protocol Analyzers capture and decode packets

• Command-Line Tools display network configuration

• Network Testing Tools measure bandwidth and latency

• Remote Access Tools manage devices remotely

• Documentation Management maintains network documentation

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Network Operating Systems

• Windows NT for user-friendly interface and centralized management

• Linux for open-source flexibility and stability

• Linux known for robust security features and cost-effectiveness

Tools, Functions, and Components of Major Operating Systems

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• UNIX

  • Supports many networking protocols for diverse environments.

  • Highly scalable for large-scale networks with multiple users and devices.

  • Multi-user environment with concurrent access, security, and stability.

  • Powerful command-line interface for system administration.

  • High customization and flexibility for tailoring to specific network needs.

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• Windows OS

  • Describes major system files like NTOSKRNL.EXE, HAL.DLL, WINLOAD.EXE, NTDLL.DLL, KERNEL32.DLL.

• macOS

  • Highlights components like Mach Kernel, launchd, System.framework, IOKit.framework, CoreServices.framework, and BSD subsystem.

• Linux

  • Discusses the Linux Kernel (vmlinuz) and directories like /etc, /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /lib, /lib64.

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• Unix (e.g., FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris)

  • Mentions the Kernel, /etc, /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /lib, /lib64 directories.

• **Identifies the init/systemd, GNU C Library (glibc), and X Window System (X11) for Linux.

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• Windows OS - System Utilities

  • Control Panel, Settings app, and Task Manager functionalities.

• Windows OS - System Administrative Tools

  • Computer Management, Local Group Policy Editor.

• Windows OS - File-Structure Tools

  • File Explorer, Command Prompt, and PowerShell.

• Windows OS - Hardware-Management Tools

  • Device Manager, Disk Management.

• macOS - System Utilities

  • System Preferences, Activity Monitor.

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• macOS - System Administrative Tools

  • Terminal, Disk Utility.

• macOS - File-Structure Tools

  • Finder, Terminal.

• macOS - Hardware-Management Tools

  • System Information, Disk Utility.

• Linux - System Utilities

  • Settings Manager, System Monitor.

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• Linux - System Administrative Tools

  • Terminal commands for system administration.

• Linux - File-Structure Tools

  • File manager and Terminal commands.

• Linux - Hardware-Management Tools

  • Tools for system information and disk management.

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• Linux - System Administrative Tools

  • Terminal commands for system administration.

• Linux - File-Structure Tools

  • File manager and Terminal commands.

• Linux - Hardware-Management Tools

  • Tools for system information and disk management.

Tools, Diagnostic Procedures, and Troubleshooting Techniques

• Identify tools, diagnostic procedures, and troubleshooting techniques for operating systems.

System Diagnostic Tools

• Windows

  • Event Viewer: Analyze system and application logs for errors, warnings, and critical events.

  • Reliability Monitor: Provides a timeline of system events like crashes and software installations.

  • Performance Monitor: Monitors system performance metrics such as CPU and memory usage.

• macOS

  • Console: View system logs and application logs to identify errors.

  • Activity Monitor: Monitor system resource usage and running processes.

  • Disk Utility: Check disk health and manage disk partitions.

• Linux

  • System Log Viewer: View system logs to troubleshoot errors.

  • Top, Htop: Monitor system resource usage and processes.

  • Fsck: Check and repair filesystem errors.

Diagnostic Procedures

• Identify Symptoms

  • Determine specific issues like slow performance or error messages.

• Isolate the Problem

  • Differentiate between hardware and software issues.

• Check System Resources

  • Monitor CPU, memory, disk, and network usage.

• Review Error Messages

  • Analyze logs and alerts to find the root cause.

Troubleshooting Techniques

• Restart the System

• Check for Updates

• Uninstall Problematic Software

• Boot into Safe Mode

• Use System Restore (Windows)

• Perform Clean Boot (Windows)

• Check Disk Integrity

• Scan for Malware

Network Operating System Setup

• Network Protocols

  • TCP/IP Protocol Suite

  • Subnetting

  • Default Gateway

  • DNS Configuration

• Network Clients

  • Windows Clients: Configure TCP/IP settings, join domain, install network services.

  • Linux Clients: Configure network interfaces, join domain, install services.

• Network Adapters and Interfaces

  • Physical and Virtual Network Adapters

  • Interface Configuration

  • Network Bonding/Teaming

Additional Considerations

• Network Security

• Quality of Service (QoS)

• Monitoring and Management

Major Considerations for Installing a Network Operating System

• Hardware Compatibility

• Network Infrastructure

• Software Compatibility

• Storage Configuration

• Security Considerations

Network Security Measures

• Implement strong security measures like firewalls, IDS/IPS, ACLs, and encryption protocols.

  • Use SSL/TLS for data protection.

• Configure user authentication, authorization, and accounting mechanisms for secure access.

• Enable secure remote access solutions such as VPN and SSH.

• Plan user and group management policies for access permissions based on roles.

• Develop a backup and recovery strategy for critical network components.

• Test backup procedures regularly and document recovery processes.

Performance Optimization and Scalability

• Optimize network performance by tuning settings and monitoring metrics.

• Consider scalability requirements for future growth in network capacity and services.

• Design network architecture to accommodate scalability without compromising security.

Documentation, Training, and Network Security

• Document network configurations, security policies, and installation procedures.

• Provide training for network administrators, IT staff, and end-users.

• Identify security requirements, develop, and implement a network security plan.

• Understand physical and logical security issues and solutions.

Equipment for Network Access and OSI Model Functionality

• Explain functions of network communications equipment and network adapters.

• Install necessary hardware and software for a basic network installation.

• Understand OSI model functionality and the primary function of each layer.

Network Topologies, Connectivity, and Network Components

• Explain network topologies, advantages, and disadvantages.

• Identify wireless network media types and network cabling.

• Install and configure network cards and connectivity methods.

• Understand the operation of network components like hubs, switches, and routers.

Network Components and Connectivity

• Differentiate between switches and hubs in network segmentation.

• Use DHCP for easier administration of IP addresses.

• Utilize switches for both Layer 2 and Layer 3 services in the OSI model.

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• Load balancer sends packets to machines behind a single IP address

  • Modern load-balancing routers use different rules for routing traffic

• "A" record in DNS server translates human names to IP addresses

• Web proxy's common use is web cache and content filtering in corporate environments

• Network segmentation advantages include boosting performance

• Switches create separate collision domains and a single broadcast domain

• Routers do not forward broadcast or multicast packets by default

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• DNS server uses pointer and A records

• Proxy server limits access to non-work related sites and controls traffic

• Windows NT was developed from the VMS platform

• Novell NetWare is a network operating system

• Protocol is the language for networked computers

• Routers do not forward broadcast or multicast packets by default

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• Novell developed IPX for its network operating system

• Disk Duplexing involves using multiple disk controllers

• OSI model does not include Data Transmission layer

• RJ-45 is not a common networking medium

• Full Duplex allows data to travel in both directions on a cable

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• Peer-to-Peer network has no dedicated server

• Gateway is used to translate between networks

• Repeater extends signal distance in networking

• DMA enables direct device access to memory without CPU intervention

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• EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

• Switching Hub enables full bandwidth for each device

• Routing table uses the route with fewest hops

• Dynamic routers can be configured with static routes

• Default gateway must be specified for network communication

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• LMHOSTS file resolves NetBIOS names

• ARP translates IP address to MAC address

• Netstat displays TCP/IP protocol and interface statistics

• FTP facilitates file transfers between hosts

• Ping verifies network connectivity of a remote host

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• NSLOOKUP verifies DNS database

• Point-to-Point Protocol includes network control and link control protocols

• Firewall provides secure communication between internal and public networks

• EINS resolves Windows computer names to TCP/IP addresses

• Replication service updates network operating systems

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• Service Packs update network operating systems

• InoculateT scans local or mapped network drives

• Knowledge Base contains fixes, Resource Kit contains educational material

• Time domain reflectometer determines cable breaks

• MSBACKU.EXE is the executable for Microsoft Backup for DOS

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• PGP verifies e-mail sender authenticity and encrypts data

• Proxy Server acts as intermediary between client and server

• 802.11n specifies a net bit rate of 6000 Mbit/s

• ipconfig /registerdns forces DNS registration from command prompt

• OS/2 was a joint venture between IBM and Microsoft

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• Appletalk is a protocol suite historically used by Macintosh

• Terminal Adapter is a specialized gateway for ISDN

• WINS is Microsoft's implementation for NetBIOS Name Service

• NetBIOS Host Files map host names to IP addresses

• AppleTalk is a suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc.

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• TCP/IP is a protocol for communication between computers

• IPX/SPX are networking protocols used on Novell NetWare

• NETBEUI is a network protocol

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• NetBIOS Extended User Interface allows communication within a local area network

• IEEE is a global association for technology development

• ISO is an international standard-setting body

• NIC is a network interface card.

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• Network Interface Card (NIC)

  • Contains electronic circuitry for wired or wireless communication

• MAC Media Access Control

  • Responsible for data packet transmission to/from NIC and shared channels

• Shielding

  • Reduces interference to network signals

• Crosstalk

  • Occurs in microcircuits in computers, audio equipment, and network circuits

• Attenuation

  • Refers to signal strength reduction

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• Broadband

  • High-speed, always-on internet faster than dial-up

• ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

  • Standards for digital transmission of voice, video, data

• SMDS Switched Multimegabit Data Service

  • Public, packet-switched service for data exchange

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• ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

  • Uses time-division multiplexing for data encoding

• RJ45 & RJ11

  • RJ11 for two lines, RJ45 for computer networking

• ST Straight Tip Connector

  • Fiber-optic connector with bayonet plug

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• SC Standard Connector

  • Fiber-optic connector with push-pull latching

• LC Lucent Connector

  • Miniaturized version of SC connector

• MT-RJ

  • Popular fiber-optic connector for small devices

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• USB Universal Serial Bus

  • Interface for device communication with PCs

• Modems

  • Transmit data over telephone or cable lines

• DSL/CSU Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit

  • Connects data terminal equipment to digital circuits

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• Bridge

  • Connects LANs using the same protocol

• Switch

  • Connects devices on a network using packet switching

• RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

  • Uses multiple disks for fault tolerance and performance

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• Blades

  • Blade servers in enclosures for services like power and networking

• SMP Symmetric Multiprocessing

  • Multiple processors connected to shared memory

• SCSI

  • Parallel interface standards for peripherals

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• Wi-Fi

  • Wireless networking technology using radio waves

• WiMax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

  • Advances IEEE 802.16 standards for BWA networks

• GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

  • Standard for second-generation digital cellular networks

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