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Communist Countries during the Interwar Period
Soviet Union (Stalin)
China (Zedong)
Military Totalitarian Countries during the Interwar Period
Japan (Hirohito)
Fascist Countries during the Interwar Period
Germany (Hitler)
Italy (Mussolini)
Spain (Franco)
Define Fascism
A mass political movement that emphasizes extreme nationalism, militarism, and the supremacy of both the nation and the single, powerful leader over the individual citizen.
Key Features of Fascism
Extreme Nationalism
Cult of Personality
Popular Mobilization
Willingness to Resort of Violence
Goals of Germany, Italy, Japan
Gain territory they believed was theirs by right
Become the respected dominant power in the region
Be respected/feared by the international community
Germany’s Territorial Goals
Establish a Third Reich, or third German Empire (#1 Holy Roman Empire, #2 German Empire)
Wanted to unite all German people, and control the rest of Europe so that the German people had room to live.
Italy’s Territorial Goals
Create a new “Roman Empire”
To do this, Italy would need to control the land around the Mediterranean Sea
Japan’s Territorial Goals
Make a great colonial empire.
Empire should include the Pacific coast of Asia and islands in the Pacific.
Soviet Union’s Territorial Goals
Wanted the whole world to be communist in the long run
Which of the following statements is most likely to be associated with fascism?
A. We must preserve the rights of people to due process of law.
B. Workers of the world unite!
C. Only I can solve this unemployment problem.
D. If the country is safe, my children will be safe and so will be the future generations.
C. Only I can solve this unemployment problem.
Define Appeasement
a diplomatic policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict
What events led to the rise of the Nazis?
Hyperinflation
US stock market crash
Hitler went to jail, but later resonated with people
Used democratic system to work his way up the political ladder
Hitler became chancellor and later president of Germany
Why did the British use a policy of appeasement?
Did not want to repeat WW1 and wanted to avoid conflict
What did the British give up to Hitler?
Sudetenland (parts of Czechoslovakia)
What other policies could the British (and other countries) have used that would have prevented WWII?
They could have fought back
Why was the French and British policy towards Germany called "appeasement"?
A. France and Britain didn't want Germany to reunite with Austria.
B. France and Britain couldn't decide on how to challenge Germany.
C. France and Britain didn't want to Germany to occupy the Rhineland.
D. France and Britain didn't want to make Germany so angry that Germany would start another war.
D. France and Britain didn't want to make Germany so angry that Germany would start another war.
American Neutrality
Neutrality Acts 1935-1938
Forbade selling of arms or giving loans to warring nations
Neutrality Act of 1939
AKA “Cash and Carry”
Allowed US to sell arms to countries that paid cash and transported them on their own ships
American Neutrality Timeline
France under German occupation (Vichy France)
Axis Powers formed –Germany, Japan and Italy
US builds up national defense
Selective Training and Service Act
Drafts 16 million aged 21-35
Roosevelt wins 3rd term
Lend Lease Plan – US would lend or lease arms to any country fighting the Axis Powers
The Neutrality Act of 1935 and its 1936 and 1937 amendments
A. prohibited Americans from volunteering for the armed services of Great Britain.
B. required belligerent nations that wanted to buy nonmilitary goods from the United States to pay in cash and supply their own shipping.
C. prohibited Americans from shipping goods on the ships of belligerent nations.
D. reflected the internationalist sentiments of the congressional majority.
B. required belligerent nations that wanted to buy nonmilitary goods from the United States to pay in cash and supply their own shipping.
Why was there a strong isolationist movement?
Did not want to start a war and be in debt
What was Cash and Carry?
US made people pay for goods in cash and had to use their own ships to transport
What was Lend-Lease?
War goods were lent and paid back later or would be returned
German Aggression
Germany invades Soviet Union in June 1941
US sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet Union
German Wolf Packs
Spring-Fall 1941
U-boats attack shipments, sink as much as 350,000 tons of goods in one month
Roosevelt allows US warships to attack U-boats
Atlantic Charter
1941
Agreement by Roosevelt and Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister)
Pledge collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation and freedom of the seas
1941 events
September
Germans fire on US Destroyer in Atlantic
Germans sink merchant ship off Greenland
October
Germans torpedo US destroyer killing 11 people
Germans sink USS Reuben James killing 100
FDR's “lend-lease” program allowed
A. states to earn block grants from the federal government.
B. Britain to borrow military equipment from the United States
C. the United States to sell military supplies to the Axis Powers.
D. minorities to receive equal treatment in New Deal programs.
B. Britain to borrow military equipment from the United States
What are Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms?
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Worship
Freedom from Want
Freedom from Fear
In his 1941 State of the Union address, FDR asserted that the government should focus primarily on
A. Meeting the peril of war in Europe.
B. Meeting the needs of United States citizens.
C. Creating a moral order for American society.
D. Protecting the four freedoms.
D. Protecting the four freedoms.
Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
Invaded China for Resources
US was a Chinese Ally, but did nothing
America kept attacking Japanese input sources
FDR Made a trade embargo making Japan not have oil and stopping their economic growth
Japan Launched Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor to get rid of the main naval base in the Pacific
Japan Missed the Ammunition Carriers and Important Other War things.
US Declared War on Japan
Which of the following statements about the attack on Pearl Harbor is true?
A. The Japanese did not lose any planes or ships in the attack on Pearl Harbor.
B. The U.S. aircraft carriers were not damaged in the attack.
C. Most of the U.S. casualties were aboard the USS West Virginia.
D. The Japanese used kamikazes to destroy U.S. ships at Pearl Harbor.
B. The U.S. aircraft carriers were not damaged in the attack.
Executive Order 9066
forced relocation and interment of 100,000+ Japanese Americans living in the West Coast
Threat of espionage and sabotage after Pearl Harbor
Violation of rights
On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 which:
A. Limited the number of Japanese immigrants into the US
B. Authorized the FBI to search the homes of all Japanese Americans
C. Authorized the removal of any suspected enemies from designated military areas
D. Determined that Japanese Americans were innocent civilians
C. Authorized the removal of any suspected enemies from designated military areas
Korematsu Case
Fred Korematsu did not report to an internment camp
FBI arrested him
Convicted of not reporting to the camp
Given probation and sent to an Assembly Center
Appeals Court said her violated military orders
US Supreme Court says detention was “military necessity”, upholding the conviction
Which of the following statements about the case Korematsu v. United States is true?
A. Fred Korematsu was an issei who failed to report to an internment camp.
B. The Supreme Court overturned Korematsu’s conviction.
C. One of the main issues in the Korematsu case was whether the government could detain citizens who were caught spying for the enemy.
D. The Court ruled that even though the government can’t generally remove people from their homes, there can be an exception when there is a grave public danger.
D. The Court ruled that even though the government can’t generally remove people from their homes, there can be an exception when there is a grave public danger.
AAGPBL
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
Made for baseball fans since men were drafted
1943-1954
Women attended charm school to act “like a lady”
Ended since more traditional gender roles returned and women gave up their role in sports
Why did the women’s baseball league cease to exist after 1954?
A. The decentralized nature of the league made it difficult for teams to publicize games and find players.
B. The women on the teams began to rebel against the charm school and the hair and make-up rules.
C. After men returned from the war, there was no longer a demand for watching women play sports.
D. In the 1950s, girls were more interested in rock and roll than they were in baseball.
A. The decentralized nature of the league made it difficult for teams to publicize games and find players.
What was needed for the U.S. in War?
Mobilization for War required
People at home had important jobs supporting the military/war effort.
Young men served in the military.
Older men and women worked in factories making war goods.
Families grew their own food and conserved other types of food.
People collected goods for recycling.
Selective Service and Training Act
1940
First peacetime draft
After 1941 all males 18-65 had to register for draft, ages 20-44 liable for combat
Called “GIs” because their clothes/uniforms were Government Issue
10 million served by end of war
War Bonds
Savings Bond
Give the government money to fund the war effort.
After the war, you get your money back with interest.
Campaigns used propaganda to promote the bonds in posters, advertisements, and on the radio.
Rationing
Limited goods used in the war effort like rubber, fats, nylons, sugar, gasoline, meat, coffee, butter, canned goods, and shoes.
Could only buy rationed goods if you had the proper coupons.
Administered by the Office of Price Administration
Ration Book
Stamps in the ration book allowed a family to purchase a particular amount of a good during a particular time period.
Without the ration stamps, stores weren’t allowed to sell you the good.
War Production Board
Set priorities and production goals and controlled the distribution of raw materials and supplies.
Established by Executive Order 9024 on January 16, 1942.
The WPB replaced the Supply Priorities and Allocation Board as well as the Office of Production Management.
Wartime inflation and food shortages were kept partly in check by
A. Special bonuses to farmers and workers to increase production.
B. Importation of additional fuel and food from Latin America.
C. Government operation of factories and railroads.
D. Price controls and rationing.
D. Price controls and rationing.
Japanese Americans During WW2
Challenges: racism and internment camps
Homefront: trained hard and prepared to enter war
Battlefront: Fought a lot against the Axis powers in Europe in segregated units
African Americans During WW2
Challenges: Segregation, racism, non-combat jobs, no recognition
Homefront: when opportunities to fight came, they trained hard
Battlefront: a million served, mostly in noncombat units, some were part of the Tuskegee Airmen (the first African-American military aviators)
Women During WW2
Challenges: After the war, had to go to traditional jobs, replaced by men
Homefront: war industries, factories, farms, drove trucks, provided logistic support
Battlefront: nurses, WASP, WAC, WAVES
Mexican Americans During WW2
Challenges: racial discrimination/xenophobia, paid less after the war
Homefront: women were secretaries, and nurses, built planes, made ammunition in factories, worked in shipyards
Battlefront: fought n every major battle, served in segregated units
Native Americans During WW2
Challenges: After the war, some struggled with PTSD and unemployment
Homefront: used Navajo to send messages, some moved to urban areas for job opportunities
Battlefront: eagerly served in war, fought all around the world, some women were nurses
Battle of Britain
Who: Britain (W) v. Germany (L)
What: to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force and to compel Britain to agree to a negotiated peace settlement
Where: skies of Britain
When: July 10, 1940 - October 31, 1940
Why: the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces, and was also the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign to that date
Description of the battle: The Battle of Britain was the successful defense of Great Britain against the air raids conducted by the German air force in 1940 after the fall of France during World War II.
Battle of Midway
Who: USA (W) v. Japan (L)
What: Japan hoped to defeat the US Pacific Fleet and use Midway as a base to attack Pearl Harbor, securing dominance in the region and then forcing a negotiated peace
Where: Midway Islands
When: June 4, 1942 - June 7, 1942
Why: US victory stopped the growth of Japan in the Pacific and put the United States in a position to begin shrinking the Japanese empire
Description of the battle: naval battle, fought almost entirely with aircraft, in which the United States destroyed Japan's first-line carrier strength and most of its best trained naval pilots
Battle of Stalingrad
Who: Soviet Union (W) v. Germany + allies (L)
What: to destroy the industrial capacity of the city and to block the Volga River traffic connecting the Caucasus and Caspian Sea to central Russia
Where: Stalingrad, Russia
When: July 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943
Why: stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union and marked the turning of the tide of war in favor of the Allies
Description of the battle: Nazi Germany and its allies unsuccessfully fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia
Battle of Guadalcanal
Who: Allies (W) v. Japan (L)
What: Threaten communication and supply between countries
Where: Guadalcanal (island in South Pacific)
When: August 1942 - February 1943
Why: acted as a turning point in favor of the Allies in the Pacific War, ended in a surrender by Japan and ended all Japanese expansion
Description of the battle: The allied powers started an assault on Guadalcanal in August of 1942. In the 6 months it took place, there were 7 major battles. The allied powers decided to move to offense and stop Japan from gaining more land, through this battle. The battle ended with a victory from the allies and Japan losing lots of valuable resources.
Normandy Invasion
Who: Allies (W) v. Germany (L)
What: to gain a foothold in Nazi-occupied France, so they could push inwards towards central Europe and dismantle Adolf Hitler's regime
Where: Normandy, France
When: June 6, 1944
Why: drain German resources and block access to key military sites, Allies to establish a viable presence in northern Europe
Description of the battle: On June 6, 1944, the long-awaited Allied landing in northern France began. Facing Hitlers Atlantic Wall, soldiers of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and other Allied nations landed on beaches in Normandy, beginning a campaign which lasted until July 24, 1944.
Battle of the Bulge
Who: Allies (W) v. Germany (L)
What: push Allies away from Germany (unsuccessful)
Where: Belgium and Luxembourg
When: Dec 10 1944 - Jan 25 1945
Why: marked the last German offense on the Western Front
Description of the battle: The Battle of the Bulge started on December 16, 1944, when German forces launched a surprise attack on Allied forces in the forested Ardennes region in Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. The battle lasted until January 16, 1945, after the Allied counteroffensive forced German troops to withdraw.
Battle of Iwo Jima
Who: US (W) v. Japan (L)
What: to capture the area that appropriately became known as the “Meat Grinder”
Where: Iwo Jima, Volcanic Islands
When: February 19 1945 - March 26 1945
Why: After the battle, Iwo Jima served as an emergency landing site for more than 2,200 B-29 bombers, saving the lives of 24,000 U.S. airmen.
Description of the battle: U.S. Marines invaded Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945, after months of naval and air bombardment. The Japanese defenders of the island were dug into bunkers deep within the volcanic rocks. Approximately 70,000 U.S. Marines and 18,000 Japanese soldiers took part in the battle.
Battle of Okinawa
Who: USA (W) v. Japan (L)
What: secure island & remove last barrier between US & Japan
Where: Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands
When: 1 April – 22 June 1945
Why: provide Allied forces an airbase from which bombers could strike Japan and an advanced anchorage for Allied fleets
Description of the battle: The Battle of Okinawa, which began 75 years ago, was the last major battle of World War II — and the bloodiest of the Pacific campaign. At dawn on Easter, April 1, 1945, a fleet of 1,300 U.S. ships and 50 British ships closed in for the invasion of the island, which is part of Japan's southernmost prefecture.
Which of the following statements about the major battles of WWII is true?
A. The Japanese navy established its domination of the Pacific sea-lanes in the 1942 battles of Coral Sea and Midway.
B. Hitler’s last-ditch effort to stop the British and American advance in the west occurred at the Battle of Normandy.
C. The battle of Stalingrad was a significant turning point in WWII that favored the axis powers.
D. The victory in Iwo Jima gave the U.S. strategic airfields that would help them launch the battle of Okinawa.
D. The victory in Iwo Jima gave the U.S. strategic airfields that would help them launch the battle of Okinawa.
The Nuremberg Laws prevented Jewish people from:
A. Marrying someone who was not Jewish.
B. Emigrating from Germany.
C. Terminating a pregnancy.
D. Wearing a Star of David.
A. Marrying someone who was not Jewish.
Why did Hindenburg appoint Hitler as chancellor of Germany?
A. Hitler asked Hindenburg to appoint him.
B. Hindenburg thought Hitler would obey him.
C. Hindenburg thought Hitler would be easier to control than the communists.
D. Hindenburg wanted to give control over to Hitler.
C. Hindenburg thought Hitler would be easier to control than the communists.
Why is dehumanization important for a genocide to succeed?
A. Ordinary citizens mustn’t feel sympathy for the targeted group.
B. Ordinary citizens must not be able to speak out against the genocide.
C. Potential victims of the genocide must be isolated.
D. The leaders of the genocide need to be able to draw up plans in secret.
A. Ordinary citizens mustn’t feel sympathy for the targeted group.
Allies
France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China
Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, Japan
Which of the following statements about anti Semitism in WWII is NOT true?
a. Hitler blamed Jewish people for economic problems in Germany.
b. American newspapers carried stories about Hitler’s planned “Final Solution”.
c. The U.S. refused to allow entry to Jewish refugees from Europe during WWII.
d. Americans disapproved of the German’s treatment of Jews and demanded that the U.S. government do something about it.
d. Americans disapproved of the German’s treatment of Jews and demanded that the U.S. government do something about it.
Tehran Conference
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
November 1943
All agreed that Germany needed to surrender unconditionally
All agreed that Germany needed to be divided, Where it would be divided and how it would be divided was not determined.
All agreed that a second front needed to be opened in France in order to take pressure off of the USSR and the Eastern Front. The front would be opened by June 1944.
All agreed that there needed to be an international organization like the League of Nations that could help negotiate and maintain world peace (later known as the UN)
Yalta Conference
Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill
Feb 1945
Demilitarize Germany, make them pay reparations, de-nazify Germany and try criminals in court
Germany split into 4 zones, owned by 4 countries: France, Great Britain, USA, and Soviet Union
successful opening of the 2nd front in France
UN first meeting date agreed upon (April 1945), some tension between Stalin and Europe
Stalin refuses to give up conquered land and wants communism, USA and Great Britain want democratic government in Poland, no agreement except Poland reshaped with Stalin given some land
Stalin decides to wait until Germany is defeated before declaring war on Japan
Potsdam Conference
Harry S Truman, Clement Attlee, Stalin
July-August 1945
De-nazifying and democratizing Germany, more freedom and rights
Germany split but the economy operates as one
Mutual mistrust between Stalin and Truman
Stalin resisted and tried to spread communist influence, neglecting London Poles
Atomic bomb being tested, ready to fire
Manhattan Project
Top secret program to develop nuclear weapons
Leaders: Major General Leslie Groves, Army Corps of Engineers & Robert Oppenheimer, nuclear physicist
German scientists discovered fission in Dec 1938. Leo Szilard, Hungarian physicist realized the potential to create bombs. He wrote to Albert Einstein to warn FDR.
Manhattan Project was established Nov 1942
Developed first nuclear weapons by splitting plutonium or uranium
Which of the following was a point of agreement during the Yalta Conference between the Big Three?
a. British and Americans needed to open up a second front with Germany.
b. The government leaders in eastern Europe would be chosen by the USSR.
c. After the war, Germany would need to be disarmed, demilitarized, de-Nazified, and divided.
d. Land taken from Poland by the Nazis and the USSR in 1939 would be returned after the war.
c. After the war, Germany would need to be disarmed, demilitarized, de-Nazified, and divided.
