Brit Lit English History

fourth (4th)

In the _______ century the Roman Empire began to collapse

Iberians

The first great civilization came from the Mediterranean through the AtlanƟc coast of Portugal, Spain, and France (2500- 2000 BCE) and spread along the west coast of Britain and Ireland.

megaliths

Iberians, left behind great monuments in stone, or _________(such as Stonehenge) in Salisbury Plain similar to those (nuraghi) which can sƟll be seen in Sardinia.

Stonehenge

__________ may have been a place of worship and an astronomical observatory made of giant stones. Archaeologists have recently established that the stones were transported by sea from Wales.

Remarkably accurate solar calendar

Britons

Central Europe invaders that were organized in warlike tribes, and were well advanced in craftsmanship (they were quite skilled at working iron) but rather backward in agriculture.

Druids

Among the most influential Celts were the ______, who administered religion, justice, and the education of the young.

Celts

The ____were a group of peoples loosely tied by similar language, religion, and cultural expression.

They worshipped the natural elements such as the Sun, the Moon, the trees, and the rivers. Water was regarded as a holy element that generated life and was the door to the world after death.

iron working

The Celts were the people who brought ___________ to the British Isles.

oral

The Celts were ____cultures (there was no writing or recorded history)

bards, poets

The role of __and ___was tremendously important in CelƟc society: much of what we know of their tradiƟons comes to us today through the old tales and poems that were handed down orally for generaƟons before eventually being wriƩen down.

runes

The first English written texts are in a strange language used by Anglo-Saxon invaders

coloniae

Colonial Roman Conquest: inhabited by Roman settlers

municipia

Colonial Roman Conquest: whose inhabitants were given Roman ciƟzenship

civitates

Colonial Roman Conquest: which were the old CelƟc tribal capitals.

122

In ___A.D. Emperor Hadrian ordered a wall (Vallum Hadriani) to be built to mark the border between the conquered Britons and the Scots and Picts of Caledonia (now Scotland) in the north.

43-47

the region was really conquered in the years 43-47 AD under emperor Claudius for Rome

449

In the 5th century three Germanic tribes, the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes came by sea. According to tradition, their seƩlement started in ___A.D.

Jutes

The ______were probably the first to come to Britain (about 450). • They founded the kingdom of Kent.

Saxons

The ______followed and established the kingdoms of Sussex (South Saxons), Wessex (West Saxons), Essex (East Saxons) and Mercia

Angles

The ______ founded East Anglia and Northumbria and gave their name to the country. (England mans “land of the Angles”).

Britons

The _______ either became serfs of the conquerors or fled to the mountainous west, where they resisted for over 150 years. They were called Welsh (that is, “strangers”) by the Anglo-Saxons.

King

elected by the Witan or council of
wise men an chosen among the
members of the royal family

Earls

Hereditary aristocracy, magistrates and military chiefs of the shires (or counties)

Thanes

High-ranking warriors: • hunƟng, war, taxes, and administration of justice

Churls

Peasants –who were freemen

Thralls

Slaves by birth, conquest , or purchase

Tiw

the god of war, swordsmanship, and the sky (Tyr in Norse)

Woden

king of the gods, the god of death and baƩle
(Odin in Norse)

Thunor

the god of thunder and lightning, the strongest of gods (Thor in Norse)

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Barons

______ were responsible for providing knights and soldiers for the king's army.

King Canute

He was the first king to successfully rule over a truly united realm of England

Bayeux Tapestry

•The main events of the Norman conquest of England are depicted in the ____________\*. •An embroidered cloth – not an actual tapestry

• The tapestry consists of some fifty scenes with Latin captions, embroidered on linen with coloured woollen yarns. • it was probably commissioned by Bishop Odo, William's half brother, and made in England – not Bayeux—in the 1070s.