AP Psych Unit 1

counseling psychology

counseling psychology

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

population

Every person that could be involved in a study.

skewed distribution

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

nature-nurture issue

the controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Cognitive Approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.

Psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Cognitive Psychology

a branch of psychology that studies all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

educational psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

industrial-organizational psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

human factors psychology

a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

operational definition

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

survey

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

correlation coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

Scatterplot

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables

illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

experimental group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

confounding variable

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

Histogram

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

range

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

normal curve

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.

inferential statistics

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

statistical significance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

informed consent

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Debriefing

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

American Psychological Association (APA)

professional organization representing psychologists in the United States.

Structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

Behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

levels of analysis

the differing complementary views for analyzing any given phenomenon

behavioral approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.

Biological Approach

an approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system

Evolutionary Approach

An approach to psychology centered on ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.

humanistic approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.

psychodynamic approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences.

Sociocultural Approach

An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior.

basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

personality psychology

the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

community psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

Replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

case study

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

sampling bias

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

double-blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

placebo effect

the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

Median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

mean

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

International Review Board (IRB)

A committee designated to approve, monitor, and review experiments ranging from biology to psychology so that researchers do not break the principles in research.

International Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

A committee that is responsible for reviewing and approving research proposals that involve the use of animals.