Cellular Division

asexual reproduction

asexual reproduction

reproduction in which the offspring are identical to the parent (singular)

asexual reproduction

type of reproduction that is very quick; low energy needed; low genetic variation

sexual reproduction

reproduction in which the offspring is different but similar to the two parents

sexual reproduction

type of reproduction that is very slow; high energy needed; high genetic variation

reproduction

single celled organisms use mitosis for

growth and repair

multi celled organisms use mitosis for _____ and ______

somatic cells

body cells

2

somatic cells have __ of each chromosome

diploid

somatic cells are ____oid

diploid

a full paired set of chromosomes

sister chromatids

each duplicated chromosomes has two ______ _______

centromere

center of the chromosome (place where chromatids are attatched)

interphase

90% of a cells life is spent in ______

growth

G1 and G2 of interphase are used mainly for

mitotic phase

phase of cell division (basically the fancy word for mitosis + cytokinesis)

mitosis

division of the nucleus is called

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm is called in mitosis

interphase

the phase of regular cell life

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

phases of mitosis (hint: PMAT)

prophase

phase of mitosis where chromosomes appear

nucleus breaks down

spindle fibers form from centrioles

centrioles appear

centrioles

organelle responsible for pulling apart chromosomes

animal

centrioles are found in what type of cell? (hint: plant or animal)

prophase

which phase of mitosis is this

metaphase

which phase do the chromosomes move to the middle of the cell in mitosis

metaphase plate

the middle of the cell that is imaginary and on which the chromosomes line up on in metaphase

metaphase

which phase is this? of mitosis

anaphase

in which phase are the sister chromatids pulled apart in mitosis

anaphase

what stage of mitosis is this?

telophase

stage of mitosis in which chromosomes are at opposite sides

spindle fibers and centrioles disappear

nucleus form

chromosomes may start to unwind

telophase

what phase of mitosis is this?

cytokinesis

the stage that occurs after mitosis that creates 2 individual cells (the cytoplasm splits into 2 cells and the organelles are separated)

cleavage furrow

animal cells go through cytokinesis with a _______ ______

cleavage furrow

cytokinesis that involves microfilaments tightening around the middle of the cell

cell plate

plant cells form a ____ _____ to go through cytokinesis

cell plate

cytokinesis that involves a new cell wall forming between the cells

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

somatic cell life cycle (think of the letters/long version)

somatic cells

body cells are called _____ cells

46

human somatic cells have __ chromosomes

23

human somatic cells have __ pairs of homologous chromosomes

length centromere position gene locations

homologous chromosomes are matched and numbered by (3 characteristics)

autosomes

somatic cells have 22 pairs of _______-

sex chromosomes

the 23rd chromosomes in a somatic cell is a ____ chromosomes

girl

xx girl or boy

boy

xy girl or boy

size and composition

x and y (for sex chromosomes) differ in ____ and _____

karyotype

an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell made by taking during metaphase, staining them, and arranging them largest to smallest

meiosis

type of cell division that converts diploid nuclei to haploid nuclei

diploid

cells that have two homologous sets of chromosomes

diploid

somatic cells are? oids

haploid

cells with one set of chromosomes of half

haploid

gametes are what type of cell? oids

gametes

reproductive cells

meiosis

gametes are produced through

fertilization

the union of sperm and egg

zygote

a fertilized egg is called a

diploid

the zygote has a _______ number

replicate

before meiosis occurs chromosomes r_____

2

meiosis takes place in how many divisions

1

mitosis takes place in how many divisions

half

after meiosis each daughter cell has ____ as many chromosomes as the parent cell

4 haploid cells

Meiosis 2 results in # ____oid cells

to create haploid gametes

to reduce the number of chromosomes

to increase genetic variation

purpose of meiosis

crossing over

when non-sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids

crossing over

process with chromosomes that results in new combinations of genes

2^n

# of combinations for chromosomes packaged into gametes when n=haploid number of chromosomes

genetic variability

the combination of each unique sperm cell with each unique egg increases ______ ______

nondisjunction

the abnormality when a chromosomes fails to separate properly during meiosis leading to gametes with incorrect numbers of chromosomes

aneuploidy

off spring with an abnormal # of chromosomes

meiosis 1

both members of homologous pair going to one pole would be nondisjunction in?

meiosis 2

both sister chromatids going to one pole would be nondisjunction in?

less

sex chromosome abnormalities tend to be ____ (more or less) severe than autosomes

small size of the y chromosomes

x chromosome interaction

why is there a difference in the severity of abnormalities in sex chromosomes (2)

deletion

loss of chromosome segment is called?

duplication

repeat of a chromosome segment is called?

inversion

reversal of a chromosome segment is called?

translocation

attachment of a segment to a nonhomologous chromosome is called?

deletion

(warning bad example) this is what type of alteration in chromosome structure? AABAA → AAAA

duplication

(warning bad example) this is what type of alteration in chromosome structure? ABAA → ABBAA

inversion

(warning bad example) this is what type of alteration in chromosome structure?

AAABB → AABBA

down syndrome

trisomy 21 is what chromosomal disorder?

birth defects

altered chromosomes carried by gametes cause _____ ____

cancer

chromosomal alterations in somatic cells can cause ______

jfk

this is just an image concept (type in jfk to skip)

Lincoln

this is just an image concept (type in Lincoln to skip)

G1 phase

phase of interphase where the cell grows first

S phase

phase of interphase where the cell replicates its DNA

G2 phase

phase of interphase where the cell prepares for mitosis and grows some more