anat lab exam 1 checklist

normal range of blood pH

7.35-7.45

hematocrit range

women = 42 +-5 . men = 47 +-5 %

hemoglobin concentration

women = 12-15 g/dL . men = 13-17 g/dL

WBC count range

5,000 - 10,000 cells/microliter

RBC count range

4-6 million cells/microliter

plasma

non-living fluid matrix in which formed elements are suspended

formed elements

living cells suspended in plasma (RBC, WBC, platelets)

hematocrit

volume % of RBCs

hemostasis

stops bleeding after blood vessel injury w/ clot

agglutinogens

antigens

agglutinins

antibodies - cause clumping

agglutination

process of clumping particles

leukocytosis

high WBC count

leucopenia

low WBC count

erythrocytopenia

low RBC count

polycythemia

high RBC count

hemocytometer

counts cells

leukemia

cancer w/ mutated WBCs

plasma function

transport, clot, maintain blood volume

erythrocytes function

transport oxygen + carbon dioxide

leukocytes function

protection (bacteria, infection)

neutrophil function (granulocyte)

phagocytize bacteria

eosinophil function (granulocyte)

kill parasitic worms (+allergy / asthma role)

basophil function (granulocyte)

release histamine + other mediators of inflammation

lymphocyte function (agranulocyte)

mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies

monocyte function (agranulocyte)

phagocytosis + develop into macrophage in tissue

thrombocyte function (platelet)

hemostasis (blood clotting) + wound healing

intrinsic conduction system

electrical system w/in heart that keeps heart beating regularly (includes SA node, AV node, bundle of His, purkinje fibers)

autorhythmic cells (pacemaker cells)

self-excitable heart cells - make the heart beat on its own

sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)

in R atrium, causes atria to contract, initiates entire cardiac cycle

atrioventricular (AV) node

delays electrical signal from SA node so atria have time to push blood into ventricles before ventricular contraction

contractile cells

produce hearts mechanical force through contraction, + propel blood

Bundle of His

conducts electrical impulses from AV node to Purkinje fibers

subendocardial conducting network (aka Purkinje fibers)

cells that transmit electrical impulses from AV node to ventricles, causing them to contract in a coordinated manner

norepinephrine (neurotransmitter + hormone)

increases HR, improves contractility, increases BP

epinephrine (hormone + neurotransmitter)

increase HR, increase contractility, increase CO

capillary beds

exchange materials (O, CO2, metabolic waste) between blood and tissues, supply myocardium w blood

arterioles

control blood flow to capillary beds (in between arteries and capillaries)

venules

very small vein, usually collecting blood from capillaries

thoroughfare channels

connects arteriole directly to venule, allowing blood to bypass capillary bed

terminal arteriole

smallest branches of arteries that directly feed into capillary beds

precapillary sphincters

regulate blood flow between arterioles and capillaries

electrocardiography (produces electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG))

medical test that records electrical activity of the heart

depolarizing

making inside cell more positive

repolarizing

cell returns to resting electrical state (-70 mv) after depolarization

EKG segment

line between 2 waves

EKG interval

time that includes 1 segment and 1 or more waves

systolic pressure (squeeze)

max pressure exerted on arteries when heart contractsand pumps blood throughout body

diastolic pressure (down time)

force exerted on walls of arteries when heart Relaxes between heart beats

sphygomomanometer

automatic blood pressure machine

sounds of Korotkoff

pulsatile sounds of blood flow heard through stethoscope over brachial artery when a sphygmomanometer is deflated

tachycardia (Too fast)

abnormally fast heart rate (above 100 bpm at rest)

bradycardia (Below normal)

slow heart rate (below 60 bpm at rest)

fibrillation

rapid, irregular, and uncoordinated contraction of muscle fibers