Western Civilization To 1500 FINAL EXAM

Rochester University

What are the three pillars of Medieval Pillars?

1) Those who Work 2) Those who Pray 3) Those who Fight

“Those who work”

Peasants, those who worked for Nobles

“Those who pray”

The Clergy, church officials.

“Those who Fight”

Nobles, Those who used the Feudal System

Feudal System

Medieval Europen System

A Noble gave their peasants to the government for troops in the army.

What was the 3 Crop Rotation?

Farmers would divide their fields into 3 sections and **rotate** the crops they planted each year to improve soil fertility and prevent soil depletion.

T/F: The Crusades were very successful IN THE BEGINNING

T

How did muslims attack?

With bows on horses

How did Christians attack?

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With Knights using Stallions

Stallion

A Violent Horse

Hospitaller Knights

Religious military order to provide care for sick pilgrims and defend the Holy Land.

Ran Hospitals

Templars

Medieval Christian military order.

Protected pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land.

What happened when government began to grow?

More educated administrators were needed.

How did churches feel about towns and universities?

Disliked

What would happen to a kingdom when a royal leader dies?

The kingdom would fall.

What begins to develop due to crusades?

Towns, Trade, Knowledge, and the Middle Class

What were the Crusades?

The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the Middle Ages

What were the most destructive Middle-Age years?

800 - 1000

What is Europe doing to their violent people?

Killing them off.

With Europe stabilized, what began to happen? (Inventions)

Agriculture, 3-Crop-Rotation, Healthier Citizens, High population growth.

What was Minorialism?

An economic system in medieval Europe where land was divided into small plots and each family had their own plot to farm.

What did Minorialism support?

Feutialism (The Feudal System)

Where are places where towns existed?

Huge cities such as London and Paris

What country did have many towns?

Italy

Which religion had the most trade in the Early-Middle Ages?

The Jewish

Why were Jewish people the biggest traders?

They couldn’t own land or get noble titles

What is required for a Middle Class to develop?

Towns for merchant activitys

Who were the Middle Class?

Merchants and Business Owners

How did towns compare and verbally fight one another in the Middle Ages?

"flyting" Verbal fights of insult and mocking each other in public gatherings

Do towns have any protection?

They build walls around their town.

Who becomes jealous of Towns and decreases in value?

Nobles

Who is the towns helping?

The Kings

Absolute monarchy

The monarch has complete control over the country's laws and policies, without any limitations from a constitution or parliament.

Gothic Architecture

Pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. It is known for its grandeur, verticality, and use of light and shadow to create drama.

Europeans are doing what to try not identity with Romans anymore?

Using different architecture and language

Which continent is responsible for Universities?

Europe

12th Century Developments/Technologies

Language, Architecture, Self Identify

Inquistors

Tells churches what to do, tells the king about bad churches (leading to torture of the bad churches)

What did the 14th century (Late Middle Ages) consist of?

Plague, Famon, and War

Little Ice Age

Colder winters, shorter growing seasons, and glacier advances.

Impacted agriculture, transportation, and human health.

How did the 3-Crop Rotation benefit citizens?

Increased population

What happened to population rates in the 14th Century?

Little Ice Age → Crop Failures → Disease spreading → Population Drop

What was an economic consequence of the 14th Century?

Inflation skyrocketed, People were unable to buy food

What historical events lead to the Plague?

The Little Ice Age → weakened immune systems

Who did the plague affect?

Humans and Animals (Livestock)

How many years of crop failure did the 14th century cause?

50 Years

How did the plague spread?

Large ships, trade, communication with others

Where did the plague start?

Italy

Why did the plague spread so quickly from Italy?

Italy had the biggest trading ports

How many days of quarantine was required during the plague?

40 Days.

Typhoid

Bacterial infection → Spread through contaminated food and water.

Plague Doctors

Hired to treat patients.

They wore beak-shaped masks filled with herbs to protect themselves.

Used sticks to move items around without being infected.

What aspect of urbanization made it easier to get sick?

There was no sewer system.

What percent of the population died?

70%

What happened to civilization society?

It disintegrated

Cistercian Monks

Emphasize manual labor, simplicity, and self-sufficiency.

Played a significant role in medieval Europe through their agricultural innovations and establishment of monasteries throughout Europe.

What happened to the church during the Plague?

Lost Influence, became corrupt

What happened to the good people of the chruch?

Died off from caring to the sick from plague.

What class of people became in demand after the plague?

Peasants

How did Peasants benefit from the plague?

Took the shelter and horses of the dead nobles.

What war happened during the plague?

The 100 Years War

What happened in the Battle of Hastings?

Duke of Normandy becomes the King of England

How did the Battle of Hastings impact future wars?

All of England and France’s wars were stemmed from the Battle of Hastings.

Which countries had a central government?

England and France

What aspect of royalty put apart England and France from other countries?

When a king died, the kingdom would still survive.

Wage Labor System

Workers receive a monetary compensation in exchange for their labor.

Switched after Plague.

What is another name for the Plague?

Black Death

In what wars did England and France work together in?

The Crusades

When did the Crusades begin to end?

As the 100 years wars began

What German Salic Law did the French use?

No woman nor her son should succeed to the throne

Clovis

Killed off all his relatives for the throne, inspired the German Salic Law that the French used during the 100 Years War.

What type of campaigns began spreading during the 100 Years War to excite citizens of the war?

Propaganda Campaigns

Who fought in the 100 Years War?

Poor Noble Knights, Unemployed Mercenaries, and Criminals

What did people gain from fighting in the 100 Years War?

Good wages, Loot, Land, Advancement, and criminal pardon

For the most part, where was the 100 Years War fought?

In France

Who was allied with the English in the 100 Years War?

The Burgundians

Who were the Burgundians?

Germanic Tribe, *eventually settled in France (Modern day Burgundy, France)*

Who was successful early on in the 100 Years War?

The English and Burgundians

What problem did the English face when fighting France?

As territory shrank, it became easier for France to maintain logistics and interior lines (Made them stronger)

Who was Joan of Arc?

Religious woman who had visions on how to save France from the English.

How did Joan of Arc contribute to the 100 Years War?

Pushes the english back

How did Joan of Arc affect Charles VIII

He was crowned king due to her work for the military.

Who captured Joan of Arc?

The Burgundians

Did the French take Joan of Arc back?

No, they already had their advantage and didn’t need her anymore.

T/F: Joan of Arc had a lot of power over French soldiers

T

Who did the Burgundians give Joan of Arc to?

The English

What did The English do to Joan of Arc?

They charged her with witchcraft and hearsay, burned at the stake.

T/F: The French eventually pushed the English out of territory

T

What happened if somebody survived the plague?

Their quality of life went up.

What national effect did the 100 Years War have on England and France?

Feelings of nationalism and patriotism

What happened to citizen identification after the 100 Years War?

People identified with a country rather than a city.

What two countries became Nation-States after the 100 Years War?

France and England

Nation State

A political entity that consists of a nation of people who share a common culture, language, history, and territory. It has its own government, laws, and sovereignty recognized by other nation-states.

Crisis of the 14th Century

Famine, Typhoid, Inflation, Little Ice Age, Plague, 100 Years War

Who won the 100 Years War?

France

Who was the Middle Class?

“Those who trade” Towns, Banks, Universities, Trade and Crafts

T/F: The towns supported the King

T

What region had a boost in trade from the Crusades?

The East (East Europe)

New Items

What was the relationship between Kings and the law?

Free Rein, they could interpret the law however they wanted to until the Magna Carta.

Which military classes were in decline after the 100 Years War?

Knight and Chivalry Classes