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steps for naming alkanes
properties of alkanes
cracking
large alkane + hydrogen gas → smaller alkane
reforming
small alkane → larger alkane + hydrogen gas
halogenation (substituation)
replace H with a halogen atom
combustion
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
steps for naming cycloalkanes
isomers
different molecules with the same molecular formula
structural isomers
different pattern of atom attachment
alkene
contain a double bond (C=C)
naming alkenes
alkynes
contain a triple bond
naming alkynes
gemoetric isomerism
result of rotations around the double bond being highly restricted
cis isomerism
groups are bonded on the same side
trans isomerism
groups are bonded on opposite sides
aromatic hydrocarbons
contain a ring structure with a series of alternating single and double bonds in a delocalized arrangement
numbering carbons on the benzene ring
addition reaction
adding a molecule across the multiple bond (for alkenes and alkynes)
substitution reaction
the hydrogen atoms in an alkane may be substituted by a halogen such as F2, Cl2, Br2
hydrogenation
adding H2
halogenation
adding X2 where X = F, Cl, Br, I
hydrohalogenation
adding HX where HX is polar
hydration (hydrocarbons)
adding water
Markovnikov’s rule
in the addition of HX to alkene, the H attaches to the carbon with the most H’s, and the X attached to the end with the most alkyl substituents
organic halides
a group of compounds commonly used as refigerants (CFC’s) and non-stick coating (Teflon)
properties of organic halies
preparing organic halides
alcohol
a water molecule with one of the hydrogen atoms replaced with an alkyl group (R - O - H)
classifications of alcohol
properties of alcohols
hydration (alcohols)
reacting alkenes with water in the presence of a catalyst results in an alcohol
ether
a water molecule with both of the hydrogen atoms replaced with alkyl groups (R - O - R) or (R - O - R’)
properties of ethers
naming ethers
add oxy to the prefix of the smaller hydrocarbon group and join it to the name of the larger hydrocarbon group
preparing ethers
condensation: ethers are formed by the reaction of 2 alcohols and the elimination of a water molecule
aldehydes
consist of an alkyl group bonded to a carbonyl group with a hydrogen atom on the end
ketones
consist of two alkyl groups attached to a central carbonyl group
naming aldehydes and ketons
properties of aldehydes and ketones
preparing aldehydes and ketones from alcohols by oxidation reaction
hydration (aldehydes and ketones)
carboxylic acids
characterized by the presence of carboxyl functional groups (R-COOH)
naming carboxylic acids
properties of carboxylic acids
preparing carboxylic acids
when alcohol is mildy oxidized, an aldehyde is produced
if this aldehyde is oxidized further a carboxylic acid is produced
ester
similar to carboxylic acids but th eH atom in the acid is replaced with another alkyl group (R - COO - R)
naming esters
properties of esters
esterification
hydrolysis
amines
ammonia with one to all of its hydrogens substituted by alkyl groups
classifications of amines
naming amines
properties of amines
amide
hydrocarbon that contains a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom
properties of amides
naming amides
preparing amides
polymer
made up of a group of monomers (usually 10 or more)
addition polymerization
consists of three stages (initiation, propagation, and termination)
cross-linking
occurs between -dienes because the second double bond allows for the formation of covalent bonds between different chains of monomers
condensation polymers
when monomers join end to end in ester or amide linkages they form polyesters and polyamides