Unit 6- Learning

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key words and phrases from chapter 6 of the textbook what is psychology? by Pastorino and doyle-portillo

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66 Terms

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cognition

the way in which we use and store information in memory

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learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior, or behavior potential, as a result of experience

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memory

the storage, processing, and retrieval of information in the mind

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language

a well developed, syntactical verbal system for representing the world

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intelligence

abilities that enable you to adapt to your environment and behave in a goal directed way

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orienting reflex

the tendency of an organism to orient its senses toward unexpected stimuli

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habituation

the tendency of an organism to ignore repeated stimuli

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dishabituation

re responding to a stimulus to which one has been habituated

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unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that naturally elicits a response in an organism

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unconditioned response (ur)

the response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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neutral stimulus

a stimulus that does not naturally elicit the unconditioned response in an organism

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what is the ur for the following us: a puff of air to the eye

eye blink

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what is the ur for the following us: ingestion of a toxin

nausea

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what is the ur for the following us: being stuck with a needle

flinching away from the needle

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what is the ur for the following us: sour food placed on the tongue

salivation

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what is the ur for the following us: a light shone in the eye

pupil constricts

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what is the ur for the following us: a firm tap to the knee

knee jerk reflex

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conditioned reflex (cs)

a stimulus that elicits a conditioned response in an organism

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conditioned response (cr)

the response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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classical conditioning

learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, because of this pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus with the same power as the unconditioned stimulus to elicit the response is the organism

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contiguity

the degree to which two stimuli occur close together in time

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contingency

the degree to which the presentation of one stimulus reliably predicts the presentation of the other stimulus

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forward (delayed) conditioning

cs omnes first but continues until the us starts, conditioning occurs readily

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forward (trace) conditioning

cs comes first, ends before start of us, conditioning occurs readily but response is somewhat weak

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forward trace conditioning with longer delay

conditioning is weaker

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simultaneous conditioning

cs and us co occur, in most cases conditioning is weak or hard to demonstrate

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backward conditioning

cs follows us, after a few repetitions, cs becomes inhibitory (a signal for a time of absence of the us, aka they learn the us is not coming now) and conditioning is weak

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stimulus generalization

responding in a like fashion to similar stimuli

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stimulus discrimination

responding only to a particular stimulus

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taste aversion

classical conditioning that occurs when an organism pairs the experience of nausea with a certain food and becomes conditioned to feel ill at the sight, smell, or idea of the food

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biological preparedness

a genetic tendency to learn certain responses very easily

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extinction

the removal of a cr

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acquisition

the process of learning a conditioned response or behavior

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aversion therapy

a type of therapy that uses classical conditioning to condition people to avoid certain stimuli

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spontaneous recovery

during extinction, the tendency for a cr to reappear and strengthen over a brief period of time before re extinguishing

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operant conditioning

a type of learning in which the organism learns through the consequences of its behavior

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law of effect

a principle discovered by e l thorndike, which states that behaviors that lead to positive consequences will be strengthened and behaviors that lead to negative consequences will be weakened

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reinforcement

the strengthening of a response that occurs when the response is reqarded

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positive reinforcement

strengthening a behavior by adding something pleasant to the environment of the organismn

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negative reinforcement

strengthening a behavior by removing something unpleasant from the environment of the organism

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punishment

the weakening of a response that occurs when a behavior leads to an unpleasant consequence

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positive punishment

weakening a behavior by adding something unpleasant to the organisms environment

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negative punishment

weakening a behavior by removing something pleasant from the organisms environment

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skinner box

device created by b f skinner to study operant behavioral in a compressed time frame, in a skinner box, an organism is automatically rewarded or punished for engaging in certain behaviors

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extinction burst

a temporary increase in a behavioral response that occurs immediately after extinction has begun

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schedule of reinforcement

the frequency and timing of the reinforcements that an organism receives

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continuous reinforcement

a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is rewarded for every instance of the desired response

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partial reinforcement

a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is rewarded for only some instances of the desired response

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fixed ratio schedule

a schedule of reinforcement of reinforcement in which the organism is rewarded for every xth instance of the desired response

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variable ratio schedule

a schedine of reinforcement in which the organism is rewarded on average for every xth instance of the desired response

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fixed interval schedule

a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is rewarded for the first desired response after an xth interval of time

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variable interval schedule

a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is rewarded for the first desired response in an average xth interval of time

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continuous reinforcement results

(every time) high rates of responding but the quickest extinction

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ratio vs interval schedules of reinforcement results

ratio schedules lead to higher rates of response than interval schedules do

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variable (vs fixed) schedules of reinforcement results

variable reinforcement leads to behaviors that are the most resistant to extinction

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what is the most efficient style of reinforcement?

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

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shaping

using operant conditioning to build a new behavior in an organism by rewarding successive approximations of the desired outcome

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primary reinforcer

a reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself

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secondary reinforcer

a reinforcer that is reinforcing only because it leads to a primary reinforcer

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token economy

a system of operant conditioning in which participants are reinforced with tokens that can later be cashed in for primary reinforcers

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behaviorism

a school of thought in psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior over the study of the mind

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insight

a sudden realization about how to solve a problem that occurs after an organism has studied the problem for a period of time

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latent learning

learning that cannot be directly observed in an organisms behavior

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cognitive map

a mental representation of the environment that is formed through observation of ones environment

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observation learning

learning through observation and imitation of others behavior

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who discovered classical conditioning and how?

Ivan Pavlov while studying salivation in dogs