Pre-ap world

Textiles

Materials such as fabrics, including silk and Ming-ware sought by Europeans for trade.

Compass

A navigational instrument that shows the direction of magnetic north, aiding maritime exploration.

Cartography

The art and science of map-making, essential for navigation during maritime explorations.

Trading Post Empire

An empire focused on establishing trade stations rather than territories, like that set up by the Portuguese.

Hacienda System

A system where natives were forced to work under oppressive conditions on large estates.

Chattel Slavery

A form of slavery where individuals are treated as personal property that can be bought and sold.

Mita System

A labor system used by the Spanish in colonial Peru, requiring Indigenous people to work on projects.

The Three G’s

The motivations for European colonialism: God, Glory, and Gold.

Vasco de Gama

A Portuguese explorer who was one of the first to reach India by sea.

Bartholomeu Dias

A Portuguese explorer who first rounded the southern tip of Africa.

Crusades

Religious wars that facilitated cultural exchanges and technological transfers between Europe and the East.

Mongol Invasions

Conquests that created trade networks and cultural exchanges, contributing to technological transfers.

Al Andalus

The Muslim rule in Spain that contributed to the exchange of knowledge and technology in Europe.

New World

The Americas, discovered by Europeans while searching for a route to the Indian markets.

Quebec

A French settlement established in Northeast America focused on fur trade.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in America, established in Virginia.

Manhattan

An area discovered by Henry Hudson and named New Amsterdam by the Dutch.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a religious order known for missionary work.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands.

Hernan Cortes

A Spanish conquistador known for conquering the Aztec Empire.

Pizarro

A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.

Great Dying

The massive decline in the Native American population due to European diseases.

Encomienda System

A Spanish colonial system granting colonists the right to demand labor from Indigenous people.

Zamindar System

A system of land revenue in which local rulers collected taxes for larger empires.

Ottoman Empire

An Islamic empire that expanded into Europe, Asia, and Africa, known for its diverse culture.

Safavid Empire

An Islamic empire that influenced Persia with Shia Islam and Persian culture.

Mughal Empire

An Islamic empire in India known for its rich culture and architecture.

Five Pillars of Islam

The basic acts of worship in Islam, including Shahadah, Salah, Zakah, Sawm, and Hajj.

Dhimmi

Non-Muslim citizens in an Islamic state granted certain protections.

Jizya

A tax imposed on non-Muslims in Islamic states.

Sunni vs. Shia

The two major branches of Islam differing on leadership succession after Muhammad.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The peak leader of the Ottoman Empire known for significant territorial expansion.

Devshirme System

A system requiring Christian boys to serve as soldiers in the Ottoman Empire.

Janissaries

Elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops.

Millet

A religious community allowed to rule itself under its own laws within the Ottoman Empire.

Shah Abbas I

The Safavid leader during the height of its power.

Cultural Achievements of the Safavid Empire

Reflected the blending of Persian traditions and Shia Islam, with advancements in arts and architecture.

Mughal Political Organization

Characterized by centralized authority and a patriarchal structure.

Ivan III

A Russian tsar known for expanding Russia's territory and reducing the boyars' influence.

Ivan IV (Grozny)

Known as Ivan the Terrible; infamous for his cruelty and the secret police he established.

Peter I

Also known as Peter the Great, he modernized and expanded Russia.

Centralized Control in Russia

Maintained through strict social hierarchies and discipline over the boyars.

Eastern Orthodoxy

A branch of Christianity emphasizing union with God and various sacraments.

Yuan Dynasty

A dynasty established by the Mongols in China, unifying and expanding trade.

Benefits of the Yuan Dynasty

Unification of China, expansion of trade, introduction of paper currency, and cultural exchange.

Forbidden City

The monumental architecture started during the Yuan Dynasty, serving as an imperial palace.

Fall of the Yuan Dynasty

Resulted from internal rebellions, corruption, and military defeat.

Dynastic Circle

The cycle of the Mandate of Heaven, explaining the rise and fall of dynasties based on rulers' performance.

Early Ming Characteristics

Featured economic recovery, agricultural expansion, and infrastructure rebuilding.

Zheng He

Led maritime expeditions for the Ming Dynasty to showcase its power and wealth.

Chinese Tribute System

A system where smaller nations provided gifts to China for protection.

Decline of the Ming Dynasty

Caused by corruption, weak leadership, and rebellion.

Start of the Qing Dynasty

Established after the Manchu forces overthrew the Ming Dynasty.

Qing Empire Expansion

Expanded through military conquest.

Political Organization of the Qing Dynasty

Centralized bureaucracy based on Confucianism.

Protestant Reformation

A 16th-century movement challenging Catholic Church authority, leading to Protestantism.

Martin Luther's Criticisms

Highlighted the corruption, sale of indulgences, and papal authority abuses of the Catholic Church.

Indulgences

Payments to the Catholic Church for reduced time in purgatory.

Printing Press

A technological innovation that helped spread Martin Luther's ideas widely.

Diet of Worms

A meeting where Martin Luther was excommunicated by the Pope for his beliefs.

Calvinism

A Protestant branch emphasizing predestination and moral living founded by John Calvin.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's efforts to combat Protestantism and reform its practices.

Inquisition

Church courts established to judge heretics, often leading to imprisonment or execution.

Index of Prohibited Books

A list of banned books by the Catholic Church, including Protestant literature.

English Reformation

Resulted from King Henry VIII's desire to divorce, leading to the creation of the Anglican Church.