Pre-ap world

Unit 2: Iberian Maritime Exploration 

What led Europeans to explore new markets? They were searching for new materials such as textiles like silk, spices, and Ming-ware.

What technology allowed Europeans to venture into maritime exploration? What did each technology do? 

Technology such as the Compass which helped point ships in the right direction and Cartography which was map making so ships would know where they were going and where they are.

Describe the different types of empires the Portuguese and Spanish setup. 

The Portuguese set up a trading post empire and they focused on controlling trade so that when other countries went colonizing/exploring they would trade with  Portugese. However, Spain focused on colonization and taking advantage of the natives, using systems such as the hacienda system, chattel slavery, and the Mita system.

What were some causes of technological transfers from 1100 to 1600 time period? 

Crusades, Mongol invasions, and Al Andalus (Muslims in Spain) 

Why did Europeans discover the New World and not East Asians, Indians, or Muslims? 

The Europeans discovered the New world because they had better access to the Atlantic Ocean and they were trying to find an alternate route to the Indian Markets but accidentally landed in the New World.

What were the motivations of European colonialism? 

God, Glory, Gold (The Three G’s)

Who were two explorers sent out from by the Portuguese? 

Vasco de Gama and Bartholomeu Dias

What role did states play in maritime exploration?

States funded, organized, and supported maritime exploration by providing resources, sponsoring explorers, and seeking new trade routes to expand wealth, power, and influence.

What led to the Portuguese being vulnerable? The Portuguese Empire was vulnerable due to its small population and limited resources, which made it difficult to defend and sustain its vast, scattered territories.

Describe French exploration, including the establishment of Quebec. The French landed in Northeast which is modern-day Canada and established a furestablished fur trade and realized that they didn't need to keep exploring cause there was plenty of resources around them. 

Describe English exploration and the establishment of Jamestown. The English landed in Eastern modern-day America and they established settlements such as Jamestown and Roanoke. However, the English couldn't defend themselves from the stronger Spanish armada till the English astonishingly beat the Spanish in 1588.

Describe Dutch exploration and the establishment of Manhattan.  The Dutch sent Henry Hudson and he discovered Manhattan but it was named New Amsterdam. The exploration was very prosperous because they had a major river that went out into the ocean.

Who were the Jesuits?  They were missionaries who went to other places to spread the word of God.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?  The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty made between Spain and Portugal by the Pope due to rivalries over exploration. 

Who was Hernan Cortes? What impact did he have in relation to the Mexica?  Hernan Cortes was a Spanish Conquistador and he conquered the Aztecs which was the main 

power in Mexica.

Who was Pizarro? What impact did he have on the Incas?

Pizarro was also a Spanish Conquistador and he conquered the Incas.

What was the Great Dying? The Great Dying was one of the biggest impacts Europeans had on the Americas which was disease. The Europeans brought many new diseases which the natives had no immunity to so it caused between 60 million - 80 million natives to die.

How did the Portuguese and Spanish maintain their empires? 

The Portuguese and Spanish maintained their empires through a combination of military conquest, strategic trade networks, enforced labor systems like encomienda, missionary efforts, and centralized colonial administrations.

What is the encomienda system? 

The encomienda system was a Spanish colonial labor system where colonists had the right to demand tribute and forced labor from Indigenous people in exchange for protection and religious instruction.

What is the hacienda system? 

A system where natives were put under oppressive conditions and forced to work.

What was the Zamindar system?

 It was a system where large empires had autonomous rulers over smaller provinces.

What characteristics did the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires have in common? 

All were Islamic-based and land-based

What three things led to the decline of Islamic Empires? 

Contested succession, wealthy elites, and territorial overextension

What are the five pillars of Islam? 

Shahdah, Samm, Hajj, Zakah, and Salah

Who are the dhimmi?

“People of the Book” originally applied to Christians or Jews 

What is the jizya? 

The Jizya is a tax for non-believers or Christians and Jews

What led to the Sunni and Shia developing?

The Sunni believe caliphs were religious/political leaders selected by the community

The Shia believe leadership should descend from Muhammad’s ancestors.

Who was Suleiman the Magnificent? 

He was the leader of the Ottoman Empire while at its peak.

What role did women have in the Ottoman Empire? 

Initially, Turk women had many rights but as they adopted Islam they became more veiled and secluded

What was the devshirme system? Who were Janissaries? 

The devshirme system was a system that required Christian boys to become slaves of the Ottoman Empire. The Janissaries were elite Muslim warriors.

What is a millet?

A millet was an independent court under which a confessional community was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.

Who was Shah Abbas I?

Leader of the Safavids at their peak 

 Describe the culture of the Safavid Empire.

A culture characterized by the melding of Persian traditions with Shia Islam, the Safavid Empire had achievements in arts, architecture, and literature, like beautiful mosques and colorful textiles.

Describe the political organization of the Mughal Empire. 

They use the patriarchy.

Who was Ivan III? What did he do? 

He was a Russian tsar who Expanded Russia's territory, refused to pay tribute to the golden horde, and reduced the influence of the boyars.

Who was Ivan IV Grozny? What did he do?

He was known as Ivan the Terrible because he killed his son while he was trying to protect his pregnant wife from his father. He created the oprichnina which was a secret police and he commissioned the St. Basil’s cathedral. 

Who was Peter I? What did he do?

He was seen as the greatest Russian tsar. He crushed many rebellions, created a solid army and navy, and he modernized Russia.

How was control centralized in Russia? 

They had very strict social classes and boyars were kept in line.

Describe Eastern Orthodoxy.

Believed our life’s purpose was to achieve union with God, had sacred images of Virgin Mary and Christ, an had many sacraments such as baptism.

What was the Yuan Dynasty? 

The Yuan dynasty was a dynasty in china lead by the Mongols when they took over China.

What benefits did the Yuan Dynasty bring to China?

 The Yuan Dynasty unified China, expanded trade along the Silk Road, introduced paper currency, and fostered cultural and technological exchanges.

What monumental architecture was begun during the Yuan Dynasty? 

The Forbidden City 

What led to the fall of the Yuan Dynasty?

The Yuan Dynasty fell due to internal rebellions, economic decline, over-taxation, corruption, and military defeats by the rising Ming forces. 

Describe the dynastic circle. 

       The cycle was when a leader was given the mandate of heaven giving them divine right to rule but when a bad thing happened such as a natural disaster the people believed the ruler had lost the mandate of heaven and had to be replaced.

What characterized the early decades of the Ming Dynasty?

The early decades of the Ming Dynasty were characterized by economic recovery, agricultural expansion and the rebuilding of infrastructure.

Who led Ming China’s maritime expeditions? What was the purpose of those voyages?

Zheng He led the Ming’s maritime expeditions and the purpose was to show the power and wealth of the Ming dynasty to other nations. 

Describe the Chinese tribute system. 

       The Chinese would have smaller nations give them gifts so that China would protect them and not invade them

What led to the decline of the Ming dynasty?

The decline of the Ming Dynasty was caused by corruption, weak leadership, economic troubles, natural disasters, and rebellions.

What led to the start of the Qing Dynasty?

The Qing Dynasty began after the Manchu forces overthrew the Ming Dynasty and established control, proclaiming a new dynasty.

How did the Qing empire expand?

The Qing empire expanded through military conquest.

How did the Qing Dynasty politically organize itself?

The Qing Dynasty politically organized itself with a centralized bureaucracy based on Confucian principles, 

What was the Protestant Reformation?

The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century religious movement that challenged the authority and practices of the Catholic Church, leading to the creation of Protestant denominations. 

What criticisms did Martin Luther have against the Catholic Church?

Martin Luther criticized the Catholic Church for corruption, the sale of indulgences, and practices he viewed as unbiblical, such as the abuse of papal authority. 

What were indulgences?

Indulgences were payments made to the Catholic Church in exchange for reduced time in purgatory. 

What technology allowed for Martin Luther’s ideas to spread? 

The Printing Press

What was the Diet of Worms? 

The Diet of Worms was a meeting where many important church leaders met and the Pope excommunicated Martin Luther. This meant he could have no contact with anyone in the catholic church.

What is Calvinism?

Calvinism is a Protestant system founded by John Calvin that emphasizes predestination and living a morally upright Christian life. 

What was the Counter-Reformation? 

The Counter-Reformation was the Catholic churches movement to reconvert people to catholic and to act against Martin Luther and the protestant reformation.

What was the Inquisition?

The Inquisition were church courts that were meant to judge heretics. Most were imprisoned, executed, or exiled. 

What was the Index of Prohibited Books?

This was a list of banned books by the Catholic church which included protestant bibles and the works of Copernicus and Gallileo. 

What was the English Reformation? 

The English Reformation was when King Henry the VIII wanted to divorce his wife so when the protestant reformation started he thought it was a good time to create his own church, the Anglican Church.